{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T22:09:42Z","timestamp":1768514982889,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF BULGARIA","award":["DO1-160\/28.08.18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DO1-160\/28.08.18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For the development and optimization of solid-state symmetrical supercapacitors, herein, we propose using carbon-based electrodes and sodium- and lithium-form Aquivion electrolyte membranes, which serve as the separator and electrolyte. Carbon xerogels, synthesized using microwave-assisted sol-gel methodology, with designed and controlled properties were obtained as electrode materials. Commercial activated carbon (YP-50F, \u201cKuraray Europe\u201d GmbH) was used as the active material for comparison. Notably, the developed solid-state symmetrical supercapacitors provide sufficiently high specific capacitances of 105\u2013110 F g\u22121 at 0.2 A g\u22121, along with an energy density of 4.5 Wh kg\u22121 at 300 W kg\u22121, and a voltage window of 0\u20131.2 V in aqueous environments, also demonstrating an excellent cycling stability for up to 10,000 charge\/discharge cycles. These results can demonstrate the potential applications of carbon xerogel as the active electrode material and cation exchange membrane as the electrolyte in the development of solid-state supercapacitor devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9120983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T11:28:07Z","timestamp":1702898887000},"page":"983","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Electrochemical Performance of Symmetric Solid-State Supercapacitors Based on Carbon Xerogel Electrodes and Solid Polymer Electrolytes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Boryana","family":"Karamanova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electrochemistry and Energy Systems, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}]},{"given":"Emiliya","family":"Mladenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electrochemistry and Energy Systems, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}]},{"given":"Minju","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-ITAE, Istituto di Tecnologie Avanzate per l\u2019Energia \u201cNicola Giordano\u201d, 98126 Messina, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5003-0035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Rey-Raap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda del Carbono, INCAR-CSIC, Francisco Pintado Fe, 26, 33011 Oviedo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5388-1169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Arenillas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda del Carbono, INCAR-CSIC, Francisco Pintado Fe, 26, 33011 Oviedo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9181-6667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Lufrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-ITAE, Istituto di Tecnologie Avanzate per l\u2019Energia \u201cNicola Giordano\u201d, 98126 Messina, Italy"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Stoyanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electrochemistry and Energy Systems, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA08680A","article-title":"Towards sustainable solid-state supercapacitors: Electroactive conducting polymers combined with biohydrogels","volume":"4","author":"Estrany","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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