{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T16:40:57Z","timestamp":1777480857445,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01\u20130145-FEDER-007274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01\u20130145-FEDER-007274"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01\u20130145-FEDER-29723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01\u20130145-FEDER-29723"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/141702\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/141702\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the past few years, there has been an increasing neuroscientific interest in understanding the function of mammalian chromodomains helicase DNA-binding (CHD) proteins due to their association with severe developmental syndromes. Mammalian CHDs include nine members (CHD1 to CHD9), grouped into subfamilies according to the presence of specific functional domains, generally highly conserved in evolutionary terms. Mutations affecting these domains hold great potential to disrupt protein function, leading to meaningful pathogenic scenarios, such as embryonic defects incompatible with life. Here, we analysed the evolution of CHD proteins by performing a comparative study of the functional domains of CHD proteins between orthologous and paralogous protein sequences. Our findings show that the highest degree of inter-species conservation was observed at Group II (CHD3, CHD4, and CHD5) and that most of the pathological variations documented in humans involve amino acid residues that are conserved not only between species but also between paralogs. The parallel analysis of both orthologous and paralogous proteins, in cases where gene duplications have occurred, provided extra information showing patterns of flexibility as well as interchangeability between amino acid positions. This added complexity needs to be considered when the impact of novel mutations is assessed in terms of evolutionary conservation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12111827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T20:58:21Z","timestamp":1637528301000},"page":"1827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Genetic Variability of the Functional Domains of Chromodomains Helicase DNA-Binding (CHD) Proteins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ana R.","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IPATIMUP\u2014Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Rua J\u00falio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FCUP\u2014Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Lopes-Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IPATIMUP\u2014Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Rua J\u00falio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FCUP\u2014Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IPATIMUP\u2014Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Rua J\u00falio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FCUP\u2014Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7518-6247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IPATIMUP\u2014Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Rua J\u00falio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FCUP\u2014Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0583-1028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria J.","family":"Prata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IPATIMUP\u2014Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Rua J\u00falio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FCUP\u2014Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IPATIMUP\u2014Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Rua J\u00falio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FCUP\u2014Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.2217\/epi.14.31","article-title":"Architects of the genome: Chd dysfunction in cancer, developmental disorders and neurological syndromes","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08212","article-title":"Chd1 regulates open chromatin and pluripotency of embryonic stem cells","volume":"460","author":"Alajem","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.09.049","article-title":"Chd2 is necessary for neural circuit development and long-term memory","volume":"100","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, D.M. 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