{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T21:15:08Z","timestamp":1774732508673,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT","award":["PTDC\/BTA-GES\/32359\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BTA-GES\/32359\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor paralogues (PPAR\u03b1, -\u03b2 and -\u03b3) are currently recognized in vertebrate genomes. PPAR\u03b3 is known to modulate nutrition, adipogenesis and immunity in vertebrates. Natural ligands of PPAR\u03b3 have been proposed; however, the receptor also binds synthetic ligands such as endocrine disruptors. Two paralogues of PPAR\u03b1 and PPAR\u03b2 have been documented in teleost species, a consequence of the 3R WGD. Recently, two PPAR\u03b3 paralogue genes were also identified in Astyanax mexicanus. We aimed to determine whether the presence of two PPAR\u03b3 paralogues is prevalent in other teleost genomes, through genomic and phylogenetic analysis. Our results showed that besides Characiformes, two PPAR\u03b3 paralogous genes were also identified in other teleost taxa, coinciding with the teleost-specific, whole-genome duplication and with the retention of both genes prior to the separation of the Clupeocephala. To functionally characterize these genes, we used the European sardine (Sardina pilchardus) as a model. PPAR\u03b3A and PPAR\u03b3B display a different tissue distribution, despite the similarity of their functional profiles: they are unresponsive to tested fatty acids and other human PPAR\u03b3 ligands yet yield a transcriptional response in the presence of tributyltin (TBT). This observation puts forward the relevance of comparative analysis to decipher alternative binding architectures and broadens the disruptive potential of man-made chemicals for aquatic species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13010107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T03:41:32Z","timestamp":1641440492000},"page":"107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Preservation of PPAR\u03b3 Genome Duplicates in Some Teleost Lineages: Insights into Lipid Metabolism and Xenobiotic Exploitation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"P\u00e1scoa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8955-2108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elza","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Ferraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6857-7581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 M.","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, FCUP\u2014Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Francisca","family":"Conrado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2412-8730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Ruivo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6149-9840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7697-386X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Filipe C.","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, FCUP\u2014Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.14.2.121","article-title":"The coregulator exchange in transcriptional functions of nuclear receptors","volume":"14","author":"Glass","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.06.049","article-title":"Anatomical Profiling of Nuclear Receptor Expression Reveals a Hierarchical Transcriptional Network","volume":"126","author":"Bookout","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2008.10.001","article-title":"Review of the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha (PPAR\u03b1), beta (PPAR\u03b2), and gamma (PPAR\u03b3) in rodent and human development","volume":"27","author":"Abbott","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149044","article-title":"An ancestral nuclear receptor couple, PPAR-RXR, is exploited by organotins","volume":"797","author":"Sainath","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114467","article-title":"The Echinodermata PPAR: Functional characterization and exploitation by the model lipid homeostasis regulator tributyltin","volume":"263","author":"Ruivo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13951","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b04399","article-title":"Evolutionary Exploitation of Vertebrate Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor \u03b3 by Organotins","volume":"52","author":"Ishii","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1007\/s11802-021-4784-2","article-title":"Identification and Expression of PPAR in Sinonovacula constricta and Their Potential Regulatory Effects on \u03946 Fad Transcription","volume":"20","author":"Ran","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ocean Univ. China"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msh200","article-title":"Evolutionary Genomics of Nuclear Receptors: From Twenty-Five Ancestral Genes to Derived Endocrine Systems","volume":"21","author":"Bertrand","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertrand, S., Thisse, B., Tavares, R., Sachs, L., Chaumot, A., Bardet, P.-L., Escriva, H., Duffraisse, M., Marchand, O., and Safi, R. (2007). Unexpected Novel Relational Links Uncovered by Extensive Developmental Profiling of Nuclear Receptor Expression. PLoS Genet., 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0030188"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1677\/JME-06-0043","article-title":"Multiple peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b2 subtypes from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)","volume":"38","author":"Leaver","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2017.04.005","article-title":"Genome specific PPAR\u03b1B duplicates in salmonids and insights into estrogenic regulation in brown trout","volume":"208\u2013209","author":"Madureira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part B Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R65","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-17-0031","article-title":"Nuclear receptor research in zebrafish","volume":"59","author":"Schaaf","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00102","article-title":"The Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARG) in Adipogenesis: Applying Knowledge from the Fish Aquaculture Industry to Biomedical Research","volume":"8","author":"Wafer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119424","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gene expression in human tissues. Effects of obesity, weight loss, and regulation by insulin and glucocorticoids","volume":"99","author":"Considine","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90006-X","article-title":"Stimulation of adipogenesis in fibroblasts by PPAR\u03b32, a lipid-activated transcription factor","volume":"79","author":"Tontonoz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Den Broeder, M.J., Moester, M.J.B., Kamstra, J.H., Cenijn, P.H., Davidoiu, V., Kamminga, L.M., Ariese, F., De Boer, J.F., and Legler, J. (2017). Altered Adipogenesis in Zebrafish Larvae Following High Fat Diet and Chemical Exposure Is Visualised by Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18040894"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"477","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Ppar\u03b3) in Redlip Mullet Liza haematocheila: Molecular cloning, tissue distribution, and response to dietary lipid levels","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Turk. J. Fish Aquat. Sc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/358029","article-title":"Zebrafish as a Model to Study the Role of Peroxisome Proliferating-Activated Receptors in Adipogenesis and Obesity","volume":"2015","author":"Kopylova","year":"2015","journal-title":"PPAR Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2009.11.023","article-title":"Identification of a novel allele of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) and its association with resistance to Aeromonas salmonicida in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)","volume":"28","author":"Sundvold","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antonopoulou, E., Kaitetzidou, E., Castellana, B., Panteli, N., Kyriakis, D., Vraskou, Y., and Planas, J. (2017). In Vivo Effects of Lipopolysaccharide on Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Expression in Juvenile Gilthead Seabream (Sparus Aurata). Biology, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology6040036"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2015.12.006","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and biotransformation responses in relation to condition factor and contaminant burden in tilapia species from Ogun River, Nigeria","volume":"183\u2013184","author":"Adeogun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4312","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.9.4312","article-title":"Hypolipidemic drugs, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and eicosanoids are ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and","volume":"94","author":"Forman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408384102","article-title":"Nitrolinoleic acid: An endogenous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligand","volume":"102","author":"Schopfer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liberato, M.V., Nascimento, A.S., Ayers, S.D., Lin, J.Z., Cvoro, A., Silveira, R.L., Mart\u00ednez, L., Souza, P.C.T., Saidemberg, D., and Deng, T. (2012). Medium Chain Fatty Acids Are Selective Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor (PPAR) \u03b3 Activators and Pan-PPAR Partial Agonists. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036297"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-10-16","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids attenuates obesity-related metabolic dysfunction and increases expression of PPAR gamma in adipose tissue in type 2 diabetic KK-Ay mice","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-13-17","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and their ligands: Nutritional and clinical implications\u2014a review","volume":"13","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfu036","article-title":"Halogenated Bisphenol-A Analogs Act as Obesogens in Zebrafish Larvae (Danio rerio)","volume":"139","author":"Riu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00212","article-title":"Reporter cell lines to evaluate the selectivity of chemicals for human and zebrafish estrogen and peroxysome proliferator activated \u00ce\u00b3 receptors","volume":"9","author":"Grimaldi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3203161","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3203161","article-title":"Mediating Roles of PPARs in the Effects of Environmental Chemicals on Sex Steroids","volume":"2017","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"PPAR Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2010.10.008","article-title":"Tributyltin is a potent inhibitor of piscine peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b1 and \u03b2","volume":"153","author":"Colliar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2011.01.005","article-title":"Minireview: PPAR\u03b3 as the target of obesogens","volume":"127","author":"Janesick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2017.12.007","article-title":"A Completely Reimplemented MPI Bioinformatics Toolkit with a New HHpred Server at its Core","volume":"430","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syq010","article-title":"New Algorithms and Methods to Estimate Maximum-Likelihood Phylogenies: Assessing the Performance of PhyML 3.0","volume":"59","author":"Guindon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2422","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx149","article-title":"SMS: Smart Model Selection in PhyML","volume":"34","author":"Lefort","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"giz059","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giz059","article-title":"A haplotype-resolved draft genome of the European sardine (Sardina pilchardus)","volume":"8","author":"Louro","year":"2019","journal-title":"GigaScience"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3317","article-title":"HISAT: A fast spliced aligner with low memory requirements","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3122","article-title":"StringTie enables improved reconstruction of a transcriptome from RNA-seq reads","volume":"33","author":"Pertea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2016.095","article-title":"Transcript-level expression analysis of RNA-seq experiments with HISAT, StringTie and Ballgown","volume":"11","author":"Pertea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machado, A.M., T\u00f8rresen, O.K., Kabeya, N., Couto, A., Petersen, B., Fel\u00edcio, M., Campos, P.F., Fonseca, E., Bandarra, N., and Lopes-Marques, M. (2018). \u201cOut of the Can\u201d: A Draft Genome Assembly, Liver Transcriptome, and Nutrigenomics of the European Sardine, Sardina pilchardus. Genes, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201809.0169.v1"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti770","article-title":"The SWISS-MODEL workspace: A web-based environment for protein structure homology modelling","volume":"22","author":"Arnold","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W252","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku340","article-title":"SWISS-MODEL: Modelling protein tertiary and quaternary structure using evolutionary information","volume":"42","author":"Biasini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.21715","article-title":"QMEAN: A comprehensive scoring function for model quality assessment","volume":"71","author":"Benkert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proteins Struct. Funct. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq662","article-title":"Toward the estimation of the absolute quality of individual protein structure models","volume":"27","author":"Benkert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6dinger, L.L.C. (2010). The PyMOL Molecular Graphics System, Version 1.3, Schrodinger Sales Center."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8520","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08520","article-title":"Structural basis for PPAR\u03b3 transactivation by endocrine-disrupting organotin compounds","volume":"5","author":"Harada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohno, S. (1970). Evolution by Gene Duplication, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-86659-3"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.874803","article-title":"New Evidence for Genome-Wide Duplications at the Origin of Vertebrates Using an Amphioxus Gene Set and Completed Animal Genomes","volume":"13","author":"Panopoulou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0734-6","article-title":"Amphioxus functional genomics and the origins of vertebrate gene regulation","volume":"564","author":"Firbas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-030117-014821","article-title":"The Divergent Genomes of Teleosts","volume":"6","author":"Ravi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dehal, P., and Boore, J.L. (2005). Two Rounds of Whole Genome Duplication in the Ancestral Vertebrate. PLoS Biol., 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0030314"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06967","article-title":"The amphioxus genome and the evolution of the chordate karyotype","volume":"453","author":"Putnam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Reconstruction of proto-vertebrate, proto-cyclostome and proto-gnathostome genomes provides new insights into early vertebrate evolution","volume":"12","author":"Nakatani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03025","article-title":"Genome duplication in the teleost fish Tetraodon nigroviridis reveals the early vertebrate proto-karyotype","volume":"431","author":"Jaillon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3657","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4657","article-title":"The rainbow trout genome provides novel insights into evolution after whole-genome duplication in vertebrates","volume":"5","author":"Berthelot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rondeau, E.B., Minkley, D.R., Leong, J.S., Messmer, A.M., Jantzen, J.R., Von Schalburg, K.R., Lemon, C., Bird, N.H., and Koop, B.F. (2014). The Genome and Linkage Map of the Northern Pike (Esox lucius): Conserved Synteny Revealed between the Salmonid Sister Group and the Neoteleostei. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102089"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17164","article-title":"The Atlantic salmon genome provides insights into rediploidization","volume":"533","author":"Lien","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1638","article-title":"Three Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Isotypes from Each of Two Species of Marine Fish","volume":"146","author":"Leaver","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soltis, P.S., and Soltis, D.E. (2012). Polyploidy in fish and the teleost genome duplication. Polyploidy and Genome Evolution, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-31442-1"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-012-9761-7","article-title":"Tissue expression of PPAR-alpha isoforms in Scophthalmus maximus and transcriptional response of target genes in the heart after exposure to WY-14643","volume":"39","author":"Urbatzka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2015.05.004","article-title":"Effects of the PPAR\u03b1 agonist WY-14,643 on plasma lipids, enzymatic activities and mRNA expression of lipid metabolism genes in a marine flatfish, Scophthalmus maximus","volume":"164","author":"Urbatzka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-015-2706-9","article-title":"Expression of intercellular lipid transport and cholesterol metabolism genes in eggs and early larvae stages of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus, a marine aquaculture species","volume":"162","author":"Cunha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6249","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1719358115","article-title":"Comprehensive phylogeny of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) based on transcriptomic and genomic data","volume":"115","author":"Hughes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.6.2160","article-title":"Fatty acids and retinoids control lipid metabolism through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-retinoid X receptor heterodimers","volume":"90","author":"Keller","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4318","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.9.4318","article-title":"Fatty acids and eicosanoids regulate gene expression through direct interactions with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors \u03b1 and \u03b3","volume":"94","author":"Kliewer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13497","article-title":"An update on PPAR activation by cannabinoids","volume":"173","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2006-0025","article-title":"The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor N-Terminal Domain Controls Isotype-Selective Gene Expression and Adipogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Hummasti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"International Maritime Organization (IMO) (2021, February 15). Anti-Fouling Systems. Available online: https:\/\/www.imo.org\/en\/OurWork\/Environment\/Pages\/Anti-fouling.aspx."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1081\/DMR-200033490","article-title":"Organotin Compounds: Toxicokinetic Aspects","volume":"36","author":"Appel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"27","article-title":"Human Exposure, Biomarkers, and Fate of Organotins in the Environment","volume":"213","author":"Okoro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. Vol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"37","article-title":"Critical appraisal of the evidence for tributyltin-mediated endocrine disruption in mollusks","volume":"17","author":"Matthiessen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2010.09.022","article-title":"Tributyltin-induced imposex in marine gastropods involves tissue-specific modulation of the retinoid X receptor","volume":"101","author":"Lima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-445X(03)00154-1","article-title":"Early life exposure to environmental levels of the aromatase inhibitor tributyltin causes masculinisation and irreversible sperm damage in zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"65","author":"McAllister","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620220118","article-title":"Tributyltin causes masculinization in fish","volume":"22","author":"Shimasaki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2005-0367","article-title":"Endocrine-Disrupting Organotin Compounds Are Potent Inducers of Adipogenesis in Vertebrates","volume":"20","author":"Grn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2008-0485","article-title":"Minireview: The Case for Obesogens","volume":"23","author":"Blumberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2009.8","article-title":"Activation of RXR\u2013PPAR heterodimers by organotin environmental endocrine disruptors","volume":"10","author":"Grimaldi","year":"2009","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"835","article-title":"Reduction of sulfur\u2013carbon bonds and of other heteroatoms bonded to tetrahedral carbon","volume":"Volume 8","author":"Trost","year":"1991","journal-title":"Comprehensive Organic Synthesis"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fonseca, E., Ruivo, R., Borges, D., Franco, J.N., Santos, M.M., and Castro, L.F.C. (2020). Of Retinoids and Organotins: The Evolution of the Retinoid X Receptor in Metazoa. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10040594"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7921","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.17.7921","article-title":"Structural organization of mouse peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (mPPAR gamma) gene: Alternative promoter use and different splicing yield two mPPAR gamma isoforms","volume":"92","author":"Zhu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18779","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.30.18779","article-title":"The Organization, Promoter Analysis, and Expression of the Human PPAR\u03b3 Gene","volume":"272","author":"Fajas","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/13\/1\/107\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:00:04Z","timestamp":1760364004000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/13\/1\/107"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["genes13010107"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes13010107","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]}}}