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Their extensive polymorphism and rapid evolution make them the ideal genetic marker for dating events, such as the age of a gene or a population. This usage requires the estimation of mutation rates, which are usually estimated by counting the observed Mendelian incompatibilities in one-generation familial configurations (typically parent(s)\u2013child duos or trios). Underestimations are inevitable when using this approach, due to the occurrence of mutational events that do not lead to incompatibilities with the parental genotypes (\u2018hidden\u2019 or \u2018covert\u2019 mutations). It is known that the likelihood that one mutation event leads to a Mendelian incompatibility depends on the mode of genetic transmission considered, the type of familial configuration (duos or trios) considered, and the genotype(s) of the progenitor(s). In this work, we show how the magnitude of the underestimation of autosomal microsatellite mutation rates varies with the populations\u2019 allele frequency distribution spectrum. The Mendelian incompatibilities approach (MIA) was applied to simulated parent(s)\/offspring duos and trios in different populational scenarios. The results showed that the magnitude and type of biases depend on the population allele frequency distribution, whatever the type of familial data considered, and are greater when duos, instead of trios, are used to obtain the estimates. The implications for molecular anthropology are discussed and a simple framework is presented to correct the na\u00eff estimates, along with an informatics tool for the correction of incompatibility rates obtained through the MIA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13071248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T00:17:10Z","timestamp":1657844230000},"page":"1248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Estimations of Mutation Rates Depend on Population Allele Frequency Distribution: The Case of Autosomal Microsatellites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2453-6825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Ant\u00e3o-Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (FCUP), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"DNA Diagnostic Laboratory (LDD), State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6591-5063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Conde-Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica (INEB), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0432-6481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonor","family":"Gusm\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DNA Diagnostic Laboratory (LDD), State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7518-6247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (FCUP), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"N\u00e1dia","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Mathematics, University of Porto (CMUP), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24341","article-title":"Investigating genetic diversity in admixed populations from Ecuador","volume":"176","author":"Burgos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. 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