{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T13:59:42Z","timestamp":1776520782950,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00276\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00276\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences","award":["UIDB\/00276\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00276\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Faecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) is a promising strategy for modulating the gut microbiome. We aimed to assess the effect of the oral administration of capsules containing lyophilised faeces on dogs with diarrhoea for 2 months as well as evaluate their long-term influence on animals\u2019 faecal consistency and intestinal microbiome. This pilot study included five dogs: two used as controls and three with diarrhoea. Animals were evaluated for four months by performing a monthly faecal samples collection and physical examination, which included faecal consistency determination using the Bristol scale. The total number of viable bacteria present in the capsules was quantified and their bacterial composition was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, which was also applied to the faecal samples. During the assay, no side effects were reported. Animals\u2019 faecal consistency improved and, after ending capsules administration, Bristol scale values remained stable in two of the three animals. The animals\u2019 microbiome gradually changed toward a composition associated with a balanced microbiota. After FMT, a slight shift was observed in its composition, but the capsules\u2019 influence remained evident during the 4-month period. Capsules administration seems to have a positive effect on the microbiota modulation; however, studies with more animals should be performed to confirm our observations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14091676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T08:25:33Z","timestamp":1692951933000},"page":"1676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effect of the Administration of a Lyophilised Faecal Capsules on the Intestinal Microbiome of Dogs: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0697-2200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Carapeto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIISA\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (Al4AnimalS), Av. da Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5641-4400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIISA\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (Al4AnimalS), Av. da Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3115-1392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isa","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIISA\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (Al4AnimalS), Av. da Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1265-1444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Pascoal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioISI\u2014Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1424-9275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioISI\u2014Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8063-174X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIISA\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (Al4AnimalS), Av. da Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canil Municipal de Peniche, C\u00e2mara Municipal de Peniche, Rua Doutor Ernesto Moreira G, 2520-428 Peniche, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canil Municipal de Peniche, C\u00e2mara Municipal de Peniche, Rua Doutor Ernesto Moreira G, 2520-428 Peniche, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioISI\u2014Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"cE3c\u2014Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIISA\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (Al4AnimalS), Av. da Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3910-1525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIISA\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (Al4AnimalS), Av. da Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"cE3c\u2014Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.4314\/ovj.v9i3.10","article-title":"Role of Gut Microbiota in Dog and Cat\u2019s Health and Diseases","volume":"9","author":"Mondo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2020.09.012","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Dogs","volume":"51","author":"Chaitman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00498","article-title":"The Role of the Canine Gut Microbiome and Metabolome in Health and Gastrointestinal Disease","volume":"6","author":"Pilla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14875","article-title":"The Gastrointestinal Microbiome: A Review","volume":"32","author":"Barko","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-022-00178-9","article-title":"Effect of Antimicrobial Administration on Fecal Microbiota of Critically Ill Dogs: Dynamics of Antimicrobial Resistance over Time","volume":"4","author":"Menard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcam.2022.100630","article-title":"Observational Study of Small Animal Practitioners\u2019 Awareness, Clinical Practice and Experience With Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Dogs","volume":"47","year":"2022","journal-title":"Top. Companion Anim. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isidori, M., Corbee, R.J., and Trabalza-Marinucci, M. (2022). Nonpharmacological Treatment Strategies for the Management of Canine Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathy\u2014A Narrative Review. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9020037"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00192","article-title":"Fecal Microbial and Metabolic Profiles in Dogs with Acute Diarrhea Receiving Either Fecal Microbiota Transplantation or Oral Metronidazole","volume":"7","author":"Chaitman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15072","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Puppies with Canine Parvovirus Infection","volume":"32","author":"Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berlanda, M., Innocente, G., Simionati, B., di Camillo, B., Facchin, S., Giron, M.C., Savarino, E., Sebastiani, F., Fiorio, F., and Patuzzi, I. (2021). Case Report Faecal Microbiome Transplantation as a Solution to Chronic Enteropathies in Dogs: A Case Study of Beneficial Microbial Evolution. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11051433"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"203","article-title":"Chronic Enteropathy In Canines: Prevalence, Impact And Management Strategies","volume":"10","author":"Dandrieux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Res. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529709011203","article-title":"Stool Form Scale as a Useful Guide to Intestinal Transit Time","volume":"32","author":"Lewis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, J.C., Jorge, P., and Santos, A. (2021). A Survey on the Prevalence of Diarrhea in a Portuguese Population of Police Working Dogs. BMC Vet. Res., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02920-y"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Faecal Microbiota in 16 dogs with Idiopathic Inflammatory Disease","volume":"31","author":"Bottero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Veterinaria"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103826","article-title":"Role of the Gastrointestinal Microbiota in Small Animal Health and Disease","volume":"181","author":"Redfern","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Record. Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"QIAGEN (2020). QIAamp\u00ae PowerFecal\u00ae Pro DNA Kit Handbook, QIAGEN. Available online: https:\/\/www.qiagen.com\/us\/resources\/download.aspx?id=8896817a-253f-4952-b845-0aab796813ce&lang=en."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4742","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/23.22.4742","article-title":"Solid-Phase Reversible Immobilization for the Isolation of PCR Products","volume":"23","author":"DeAngelis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.7171\/jbt.20-3101-002","article-title":"SPRI Beads-Based Size Selection in the Range of 2\u201310 kb","volume":"31","author":"Stortchevoi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Tech."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Oxford Nanopore Technologies (2018). Advantages of Nanopore Sequencing in Microbiome Research, Oxford Nanopore Technologies. Available online: https:\/\/nanoporetech.com\/sites\/default\/files\/s3\/NAN100043_Microbiome_White_Paper_020818_ml_DIGITAL.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2007.00375.x","article-title":"Multivariate Analyses in Microbial Ecology","volume":"62","author":"Ramette","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644836","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.644836","article-title":"Best Practices for Microbiome Study Design in Companion Animal Research","volume":"8","author":"Jarett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6941.12067","article-title":"Faecal Microbiota in Lean and Obese Dogs","volume":"84","author":"Handl","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2015.04.002","article-title":"Microbiota and Probiotics in Canine and Feline Welfare","volume":"34","author":"Endo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03011.x","article-title":"Chronic Enteropathies in Dogs: Evaluation of Risk Factors for Negative Outcome","volume":"21","author":"Allenspach","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.33988\/auvfd.822971","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Capsule Therapy via Oral Route for Combatting Atopic Dermatitis in Dogs","volume":"69","author":"URAL","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ank. \u00dcniversitesi Vet. Fak. Derg."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"45","article-title":"A Randomized, Controlled Study Comparing Da Xiang Lian Wan to Metronidazole in the Treatment of Stress Colitis in Sheltered\/Rescued Dogs","volume":"12","author":"Fowler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trad. Chin. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"AnimalBiome (2019). The Promise of Fecal Transplants\u2014A Microbiome Solution for Veterinary Practitioners, AnimalBiome. Smart Focus on Animal Health."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcam.2021.100584","article-title":"Dogs\u2019 Microbiome From Tip to Toe","volume":"45","author":"Pereira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Top. Companion Anim. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"197","article-title":"Improvement in Clinical Symptoms and Fecal Microbiome After Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in a Dog with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"10","author":"Niina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Res. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16489","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i44.16489","article-title":"Microbiota Alterations in Acute and Chronic Gastrointestinal Inflammation of Cats and Dogs","volume":"20","author":"Honneffer","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.10.005","article-title":"Prevalence of Clostridium Perfringens, Clostridium Perfringens Enterotoxin and Dysbiosis in Fecal Samples of Dogs with Diarrhea","volume":"174","author":"Minamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2020.09.004","article-title":"Impact of Changes in Gastrointestinal Microbiota in Canine and Feline Digestive Diseases","volume":"51","author":"Ziese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Aboim, C. (2019). Gut Microbiome in Healthy Dogs and Cats. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Lisbon]."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guard, B.C., Barr, J.W., Reddivari, L., Klemashevich, C., Jayaraman, A., Steiner, J.M., Vanamala, J., and Suchodolski, J.S. (2015). Characterization of Microbial Dysbiosis and Metabolomic Changes in Dogs with Acute Diarrhea. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127259"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-3377","article-title":"Companion Animals Symposium: Microbes and Gastrointestinal Health of Dogs and Cats","volume":"89","author":"Suchodolski","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2527\/af.2016-0032","article-title":"Importance of Gut Microbiota for the Health and Disease of Dogs and Cats","volume":"6","author":"Blake","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Front."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.01.002","article-title":"The Gut Microbiome of Dogs and Cats, and the Influence of Diet","volume":"51","author":"Pilla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fix136","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fix136","article-title":"A Dysbiosis Index to Assess Microbial Changes in Fecal Samples of Dogs with Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathy","volume":"93","author":"AlShawaqfeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/14\/9\/1676\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:38:43Z","timestamp":1760128723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/14\/9\/1676"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["genes14091676"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes14091676","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]]}}}