{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T20:07:46Z","timestamp":1775851666546,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":231,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa de Urologia, for funding the project \u201cPrecision Urology: Metabolic Phenotype of Patients with Metabolic Syndrome Traits and Recurrent Nephrolithiasis\u2014Metabolomics and Recurrence Assessment\u201d","award":["UIDP\/04462\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04462\/2020"]}]},{"name":"iNOVA4Health research program","award":["UIDP\/04462\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04462\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxalate is a metabolic end-product whose systemic concentrations are highly variable among individuals. Genetic (primary hyperoxaluria) and non-genetic (e.g., diet, microbiota, renal and metabolic disease) reasons underlie elevated plasma concentrations and tissue accumulation of oxalate, which is toxic to the body. A classic example is the triad of primary hyperoxaluria, nephrolithiasis, and kidney injury. Lessons learned from this example suggest further investigation of other putative factors associated with oxalate dysmetabolism, namely the identification of precursors (glyoxylate, aromatic amino acids, glyoxal and vitamin C), the regulation of the endogenous pathways that produce oxalate, or the microbiota\u2019s contribution to oxalate systemic availability. The association between secondary nephrolithiasis and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases (hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and obesity) inspired the authors to perform this comprehensive review about oxalate dysmetabolism and its relation to cardiometabolic toxicity. This perspective may offer something substantial that helps advance understanding of effective management and draws attention to the novel class of treatments available in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14091719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T08:35:05Z","timestamp":1693298105000},"page":"1719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Oxalate (dys)Metabolism: Person-to-Person Variability, Kidney and Cardiometabolic Toxicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Baltazar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, E.P.E, 1150-199 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Cl\u00ednico Acad\u00e9mico de Lisboa, 1159-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6831-1823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Ferreira","family":"de Melo Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Cl\u00ednico Acad\u00e9mico de Lisboa, 1159-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0821-2764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno Moreira","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, E.P.E, 1150-199 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Cl\u00ednico Acad\u00e9mico de Lisboa, 1159-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9801-849X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel Brito","family":"Lan\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, E.P.E, 1150-199 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5165-9513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHRC, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Catarina O.","family":"Sequeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7729-9010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Teixeira-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Cl\u00ednico Acad\u00e9mico de Lisboa, 1159-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Emilia C.","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Cl\u00ednico Acad\u00e9mico de Lisboa, 1159-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Campos Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, E.P.E, 1150-199 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Cl\u00ednico Acad\u00e9mico de Lisboa, 1159-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joaquim","family":"Calado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, E.P.E, 1150-199 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Cl\u00ednico Acad\u00e9mico de Lisboa, 1159-056 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"ToxOmics, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Cl\u00ednico Acad\u00e9mico de Lisboa, 1159-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Judit","family":"Morello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8456-9995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia A.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, 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