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2018\/14"]}]},{"name":"European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF)","award":["IN607-A 2018\/4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN607-A 2018\/4"]}]},{"name":"European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF)","award":["RTI2018-099868-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-099868-B-I00"]}]},{"name":"European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF)","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029537"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The European sardine (Sardina pilchardus, Walbaum 1792) is indisputably a commercially important species. Previous studies using uneven sampling or a limited number of makers have presented sometimes conflicting evidence of the genetic structure of S. pilchardus populations. Here, we show that whole genome data from 108 individuals from 16 sampling areas across 5000 km of the species\u2019 distribution range (from the Eastern Mediterranean to the archipelago of Azores) support at least three genetic clusters. One includes individuals from Azores and Madeira, with evidence of substructure separating these two archipelagos in the Atlantic. Another cluster broadly corresponds to the center of the distribution, including the sampling sites around Iberia, separated by the Almeria\u2013Oran front from the third cluster that includes all of the Mediterranean samples, except those from the Alboran Sea. Individuals from the Canary Islands appear to belong to the Mediterranean cluster. This suggests at least two important geographical barriers to gene flow, even though these do not seem complete, with many individuals from around Iberia and the Mediterranean showing some patterns compatible with admixture with other genetic clusters. Genomic regions corresponding to the top outliers of genetic differentiation are located in areas of low recombination indicative that genetic architecture also has a role in shaping population structure. These regions include genes related to otolith formation, a calcium carbonate structure in the inner ear previously used to distinguish S. pilchardus populations. Our results provide a baseline for further characterization of physical and genetic barriers that divide European sardine populations, and information for transnational stock management of this highly exploited species towards sustainable fisheries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15020170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T08:11:27Z","timestamp":1706515887000},"page":"170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Population Genomics Reveals the Underlying Structure of the Small Pelagic European Sardine and Suggests Low Connectivity within Macaronesia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2805-4698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rute R.","family":"da Fonseca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Mountain Biodiversity, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1285-4671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula F.","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alba","family":"Rey-Iglesia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum Denmark, University of Copenhagen, \u00d8stervoldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Gustavo V.","family":"Barroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}]},{"given":"Lucie A.","family":"Bergeron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Ecology and Evolution, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Nande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8316-5887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Tuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo en Biodiversidad y Conservaci\u00f3n, IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas, Spain"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Abidli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Environment Bio-Monitoring, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Bizerte 7021, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1772-8984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Montse","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Oceanogr\u00e1fico de Vigo, Instituto Espa\u00f1ol de Oceanograf\u00eda, IEO-CSIC, 36390 Vigo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Riveiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Oceanogr\u00e1fico de Vigo, Instituto Espa\u00f1ol de Oceanograf\u00eda, IEO-CSIC, 36390 Vigo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Carrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Oceanogr\u00e1fico de Vigo, Instituto Espa\u00f1ol de Oceanograf\u00eda, IEO-CSIC, 36390 Vigo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4562-045X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"Jurado-Ruzafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Oceanogr\u00e1fico de Canarias, Instituto Espa\u00f1ol de Oceanograf\u00eda, IEO-CSIC, 38180 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}]},{"given":"M. Teresa","family":"G. Santamar\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Oceanogr\u00e1fico de Canarias, Instituto Espa\u00f1ol de Oceanograf\u00eda, IEO-CSIC, 38180 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6857-7581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 M.","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Miguel M.","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Elsa","family":"Froufe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7697-386X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. 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