{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T00:06:45Z","timestamp":1770422805273,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portugal 2020 through the projects INNOVINE&amp;WINE\u2014research line Viticulture","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000038"]}]},{"name":"Portugal 2020 through the projects INNOVINE&amp;WINE\u2014research line Viticulture","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000017"]}]},{"name":"Portugal 2020 through the projects INNOVINE&amp;WINE\u2014research line Viticulture","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"INTERACT\u2014research line VitalityWINE","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000038"]}]},{"name":"INTERACT\u2014research line VitalityWINE","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000017"]}]},{"name":"INTERACT\u2014research line VitalityWINE","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for the Science and Technology (\u201cFunda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia\u201d\u2014FCT) to the research unit CITAB","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000038"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for the Science and Technology (\u201cFunda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia\u201d\u2014FCT) to the research unit CITAB","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000017"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for the Science and Technology (\u201cFunda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia\u201d\u2014FCT) to the research unit CITAB","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Grapevine varieties from \u201cDouro Superior\u201d (NE Portugal) experience high temperatures, solar radiation, and water deficit during the summer. This summer\u2019s stressful growing conditions induce nucleic acids, lipids, and protein oxidation, which cause cellular, physiological, molecular, and biochemical changes. Cell cycle anomalies, mitosis delay, or cell death may occur at the cellular level, leading to reduced plant productivity. However, the foliar application of kaolin (KL) can mitigate the impact of abiotic stress by decreasing leaf temperature and enhancing antioxidant defence. Hence, this study hypothesised that KL-treated grapevine plants growing in NE Portugal would reveal, under summer stressful growing conditions, higher progression and stability of the leaf mitotic cell cycle than the untreated (control) plants. KL was applied after veraison for two years. Leaves, sampled 3 and 5 weeks later, were cytogenetically, molecularly, and biochemically analysed. Globally, integrating these multidisciplinary data confirmed the decreased leaf temperature and enhanced antioxidant defence of the KL-treated plants, accompanied by an improved regularity and completion of the leaf cell cycle relative to the control plants. Nevertheless, the KL efficacy was significantly influenced by the sampling date and\/or variety. In sum, the achieved results confirmed the hypothesis initially proposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15060747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T06:40:26Z","timestamp":1717656026000},"page":"747","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cytogenetic and Molecular Effects of Kaolin\u2019s Foliar Application in Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) under Summer\u2019s Stressful Growing Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6049-9291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Cytogenomics Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Laboratorial Complex, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9612-0909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lia-T\u00e2nia","family":"Dinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5052-3596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Luzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2974-5327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5825-559X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Moutinho-Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6204-009X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Lima-Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Cytogenomics Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Laboratorial Complex, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV) (2024, May 27). OIV Statistics Database. Available online: https:\/\/oiv.int\/what-we-do\/global-report?oiv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3774","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13382","article-title":"Modelling climate chnage impacts on viticultural yield, phenology and stress conditions in Europe","volume":"22","author":"Fraga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV) (2024, May 27). OIV Statistics Database. Available online: https:\/\/www.oiv.int\/what-we-do\/data-discovery-report?oiv."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2012). Portaria n.\u00ba 380\/2012, Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica, 1\u00aa S\u00e9rie\u2014N.\u00ba 226\u201422 de Novembro de 2012, Minist\u00e9rio da Agricultura, do Mar, do Ambiente e do Ordenamento do Territ\u00f3rio. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2024, May 27). Touriga Franca\u2014Vine and Wine Cluster, COLAB Vines & Wines, 6p. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2024, May 27). Touriga Nacional\u2014Vine and Wine Cluster, COLAB Vines & Wines, 7p. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2017). Portaria n.\u00ba 383\/2017, Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica, 1.\u00aa s\u00e9rie\u2014N.\u00ba 243\u201420 de Dezembro de 2017, Agricultura, Florestas e Desenvolvimento Rural. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcf105","article-title":"How plants cope with water stress in the field. Photosynthesis and Growth","volume":"89","author":"Chaves","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaki, M., Begara-Morales, J.C., and Barroso, J.B. (2020). Oxidative Stress in Plants. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9060481"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasanuzzaman, M., Bhuyan, M.H.M.B., Zulfiqar, F., Raza, A., Mohsin, S.M., Mahmud, J.A., Fujita, M., and Fotopoulos, V. (2020). Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense in plants under abiotic stress: Revisiting the crucial role of a universal defense regulator. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9080681"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250158","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/250158","article-title":"DNA damage and repair in plants under ultraviolet and ionizing radiations","volume":"2015","author":"Gill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"113","article-title":"How can grapevine genetics contribute to the adaptation to climate change?","volume":"50","year":"2016","journal-title":"OENO One"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2013.00273","article-title":"Plant tolerance to high temperature in a changing environment: Scientific fundamentals and production of heat stress-tolerant crops","volume":"4","author":"Bita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"169","article-title":"Extreme Temperature Responses, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Plants. Chapter 6, In: Abiotic Stress\u2014Plant Responses and Applications in Agriculture","volume":"13","author":"Hasanuzzaman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intech Open"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s11099-015-0156-8","article-title":"Kaolin-based, foliar reflective film protects photosystem II structure and function in grapevine leaves exposed to heat and high solar radiation","volume":"54","author":"Dinis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photosynthetica"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2015.12.005","article-title":"Kaolin exogenous application boosts antioxidant capacity and phenolic content in berries and leaves of grapevine under summer stress","volume":"191","author":"Dinis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2017.04.002","article-title":"Kaolin particle film application lowers oxidative damage and DNA methylation on grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)","volume":"139","author":"Bernardo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.11413","article-title":"Uncovering the effects of kaolin on balancing berry phytohormones and quality attributes of Vitis vinifera grown in warm-temperate climate regions","volume":"102","author":"Bernardo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1007\/s00709-018-1267-4","article-title":"Effects of heat stress in the leaf mitotic cell cycle and chromosomes of four wine-producing grapevine varieties","volume":"255","author":"Carvalho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Protoplasma"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6246","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63407-8","article-title":"Comparative quantification of chlorophyll and polyphenol levels in grapevine leaves sampled from different geographical locations","volume":"10","author":"Lopes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"61","article-title":"Heat stress tolerance assayed in four wine-producing grapevine varieties using a cytogenetic approach","volume":"34","author":"Carvalho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ciencia Tec. Vitiv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.117.2.667","article-title":"Effect of water stress on cell division and cell-division-cycle 2-like cell-cycle kinase activity in wheat leaves","volume":"117","author":"Schuppler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2015.01060","article-title":"Behavior of leaf meristems and their modification","volume":"6","author":"Ichihashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.111.185066","article-title":"Key proliferative activity in the junction between the leaf blade and leaf petiole of Arabidopsis","volume":"157","author":"Ichihashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stress.2023.100227","article-title":"Crucial plant processes under heat stress and tolerance through heat shock proteins","volume":"100","author":"Mondal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Stress"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10142-013-0338-z","article-title":"Heat and water stress induce unique transcriptional signatures of heat-shock proteins and transcription factors in grapevine","volume":"14","author":"Rocheta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Funct. Integr. Genom."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rocheta, M., Coito, J.L., Ramos, M.J.N., Carvalho, L., Becker, J.D., Carbonell-Bejerano, P., and Am\u00e2ncio, S. (2016). Transcriptomic comparison between two Vitis vinifera L. varieties (Trincadeira and Touriga Nacional) in abiotic stress conditions. BMC Plant Biol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-016-0911-4"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.12445","article-title":"Heat stress in grapevine: The pros and cons of acclimation","volume":"38","author":"Carvalho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/plb.12410","article-title":"Differential physiological response of the grapevine varieties Touriga Nacional and Trincadeira to combined heat, drought and light stresses","volume":"18","author":"Carvalho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.01835","article-title":"Design of a custom RT-qPCR array for assignment of abiotic stress tolerance in traditional Portuguese grapevine varieties","volume":"8","author":"Carvalho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carneiro, A.K., Montessoro, P.d.F., Fusaro, A.F., Ara\u00fajo, B.G., and Hemerly, A.S. (2021). Plant CDKs\u2014Driving the Cell Cycle through Climate Change. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10091804"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.40.110405.090431","article-title":"Cell Cycle Regulation in Plant Development","volume":"40","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.01765","article-title":"Cell cycle regulation in the plant response to stress","volume":"10","author":"Qi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5241.1488","article-title":"Yeast checkpoint genes in DNA damage processing: Implications for repair and arrest","volume":"270","author":"Lydall","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.00161","article-title":"Abscisic acid signaling and abiotic stress tolerance in plants: A review on current knowledge and future prospects","volume":"8","author":"Vishwakarma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2014.00493","article-title":"Cell cycle control and seed development","volume":"5","author":"Dante","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1321189","DOI":"10.1080\/15592324.2017.1321189","article-title":"Cell cycle genes are activated earlier than respiratory genes during release of grapevine buds from endodormancy","volume":"12","author":"Noriega","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Signal. Behav."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.00812","article-title":"ABA Represses the Expression of Cell Cycle Genes and May Modulate the Development of Endodormancy in Grapevine Buds","volume":"8","author":"Vergara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-154-3_11","article-title":"Isolation of transcription factor complexes from Arabidopsis cell suspension cultures by tandem affinity purification","volume":"754","author":"Eeckhout","year":"2011","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.105.032383","article-title":"The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor KRP2 controls the onset of the endoreduplication cycle during Arabidopsis leaf development through inhibition of mitotic CDKA;1 kinase complexes","volume":"17","author":"Verkest","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-015-2415-0","article-title":"Relationship between endodormancy, FLOWERING LOCUS T and cell cycle genes in Vitis vinifera","volume":"243","author":"Vergara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H.-T., Cheng, Y.J., Hsiao, J.-T., Sheu, F., and Kuan, Y.-C. (2022). 17-(Allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin treatment induces the accumulation of heat shock proteins and alleviates senescence in broccoli. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 186.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2021.111818"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600561","article-title":"Green light for the cell cycle","volume":"24","year":"2005","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frioni, T., Tombesi, S., Sabbatini, P., Squeri, C., Lavado Rodas, N., Palliotti, A., and Poni, S. (2020). Kaolin reduces ABA biosynthesis through the inhibition of neoxanthin synthesis in grapevines under water deficit. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21144950"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"FAO and IUSS Working Group WRB (2015). World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014: International Soil Classification System for Naming Soils and Creating Legends for Soil Maps\u2014Update 2015, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. World Soil Resources Reports No. 106."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"IPMA\u2014Instituto Portugu\u00eas do Mar e da Atmosfera (2016). Boletim Climatol\u00f3gico Sazonal\u2014Ver\u00e3o de 2016, Instituto Portugu\u00eas do Mar e da Atmosfera. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"IPMA\u2014Instituto Portugu\u00eas do Mar e da Atmosfera (2017). Boletim Climatol\u00f3gico Sazonal\u2014Ver\u00e3o de 2017, Instituto Portugu\u00eas do Mar e da Atmosfera. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.112797","article-title":"The MIQE guidelines: Minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments","volume":"55","author":"Bustin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00226-015-0709-9","article-title":"An improved total RNA isolation from secondary tissues of woody species for coding and non-coding gene expression analyses","volume":"49","author":"Carvalho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wood Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borges, A.F., Fonseca, C., Ferreira, R.B., Louren\u00e7o, A.M., and Monteiro, S. (2014). Reference gene validation for quantitative RT-PCR during biotic and abiotic stresses in Vitis vinifera. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111399"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BILE.0000019559.84305.47","article-title":"Determination of stable housekeeping genes, differentially regulated target genes and sample integrity: BestKeeper\u2014Excel-based tool using pair-wise correlations","volume":"26","author":"Pfaffl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212\u2206\u2206CT Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(55)02300-8","article-title":"Assay of catalases and peroxidases","volume":"2","author":"Chance","year":"1955","journal-title":"Method Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.109.2.421","article-title":"Amelioration of ozone-induced oxidative damage in wheat plants grown under high carbon dioxide (Role of antioxidant enzymes)","volume":"109","author":"Rao","year":"1995","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-018-0544-0","article-title":"Grapevine abiotic stress assessment and search for sustainable adaptation strategies in Mediterranean-like climates. A review","volume":"38","author":"Bernardo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(81)80729-6","article-title":"Ascorbate free radical reductase: A key enzyme of the ascorbic acid system","volume":"125","author":"Arrigoni","year":"1981","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/15\/6\/747\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:54:34Z","timestamp":1760108074000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/15\/6\/747"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["genes15060747"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes15060747","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]}}}