{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T10:48:11Z","timestamp":1768819691062,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.11825.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.11825.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007274"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.04997.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.04997.CEECIND"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FEDER-Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional funds","award":["2022.11825.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.11825.BD"]}]},{"name":"FEDER-Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional funds","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007274"]}]},{"name":"FEDER-Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional funds","award":["2022.04997.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.04997.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese funds","award":["2022.11825.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.11825.BD"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese funds","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007274"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese funds","award":["2022.04997.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.04997.CEECIND"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microhaplotypes (MHs) are a novel class of genetic markers, exhibiting features that position them as an alternative to STRs and SNPs in addressing challenges commonly encountered in forensic investigations. Additionally, MHs can also offer valuable insights for ancestry inference. However, due to the novelty of MHs, extensive research in different global populations is required before implementation in forensic casework and general research. In this study, individuals from Afghanistan and Somalia were characterized with the Ion AmpliSeq\u2122 MH-74 Plex Research Panel previously developed for forensic genetic purposes. A total of 84 Afghan and 89 Somalian samples were sequenced on the Ion GeneStudio\u2122 S5 System. This led to the identification of 32 and 42 single nucleotide variants in the Afghan and Somalian populations, respectively, that were not included in the former MH definitions. Most of the observed variants were considered to be rare occurrences, being observed one or two times in the dataset. The average values of the effective number of alleles (Ae) were 3.7 for Somalia and 3.6 for Afghanistan\u2014pointing to elevated intrapopulation diversities compared to Europeans. Other parameters (Ho, He, PIC, PD, and PE) consistently showed higher average values in the Afghans and Somalis compared to the previously studied populations. PCA and STRUCTURE analyses with 1000 Genomes samples assigned the Somalis to a different cluster than the other sub-Saharan African populations. The analyses also showed higher European and East Asian co-ancestry in the Afghans than in the remaining South Asian populations. The capability of the MH-74 plex to address common kinship problems was evaluated through computational simulations, considering generic thresholds differing by one order of magnitude to assess the FDRs. The median LR &gt; 1013 for true siblings when the hypotheses \u2018full siblings\u2019 and \u2018unrelated individuals\u2019 were compared. As expected, the median LRs were much lower for simulated half-siblings and cousins. This work evaluated the forensic potential of MHs in understudied populations. Overall, the studied panel was versatile and capable of being applied in different forensic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16050532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T03:50:43Z","timestamp":1746071443000},"page":"532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Enhancing the Potential of Microhaplotypes for Forensic Applications: Insights from Afghan and Somali Populations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V\u2019s Vej 11, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (FCUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"N\u00e1dia","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Mathematics, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tess","family":"Otterlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V\u2019s Vej 11, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1252-6670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carina G.","family":"J\u00f8nck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V\u2019s Vej 11, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0583-1028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Prata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (FCUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0421-7429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claus","family":"B\u00f8rsting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V\u2019s Vej 11, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8789-5286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vania","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V\u2019s Vej 11, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butler, J.M. 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