{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:43:35Z","timestamp":1760060615101,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Funds through Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04129\/2020","UIDB\/00239\/2020","LA\/P\/0092\/2020","2021.01107.CEECIND\/CP1689\/CT0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04129\/2020","UIDB\/00239\/2020","LA\/P\/0092\/2020","2021.01107.CEECIND\/CP1689\/CT0001"]}]},{"name":"Research Unit LEAF Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center (Instituto Superior de Agronomia)","award":["UIDB\/04129\/2020","UIDB\/00239\/2020","LA\/P\/0092\/2020","2021.01107.CEECIND\/CP1689\/CT0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04129\/2020","UIDB\/00239\/2020","LA\/P\/0092\/2020","2021.01107.CEECIND\/CP1689\/CT0001"]}]},{"name":"Forest Research Centre","award":["UIDB\/04129\/2020","UIDB\/00239\/2020","LA\/P\/0092\/2020","2021.01107.CEECIND\/CP1689\/CT0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04129\/2020","UIDB\/00239\/2020","LA\/P\/0092\/2020","2021.01107.CEECIND\/CP1689\/CT0001"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory TERRA","award":["UIDB\/04129\/2020","UIDB\/00239\/2020","LA\/P\/0092\/2020","2021.01107.CEECIND\/CP1689\/CT0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04129\/2020","UIDB\/00239\/2020","LA\/P\/0092\/2020","2021.01107.CEECIND\/CP1689\/CT0001"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Employment Stimulus\u2014Individual Call (CEEC Individual)","award":["UIDB\/04129\/2020","UIDB\/00239\/2020","LA\/P\/0092\/2020","2021.01107.CEECIND\/CP1689\/CT0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04129\/2020","UIDB\/00239\/2020","LA\/P\/0092\/2020","2021.01107.CEECIND\/CP1689\/CT0001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To survive in saline environments, plants establish complex symbiotic relationships with soil microorganisms, including halotolerant arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The main objective of this study was to uncover how inoculation with a consortium of halotolerant AMF influences recretohalophyte Limonium species tolerance to long-term salinity, at physiological and molecular levels. In this study, the physiological performance, ultrastructure of leaf epidermal cells, and expression of seven genes involved in salinity response were studied in Limonium daveaui and Limonium algarvense plants exposed to 200 mM NaCl and inoculated with an AMF consortium, dominated by Rhizoglomus invernaius. An isohydric response was observed for both species after one year in salinity. Inoculation with AMF led to higher stomatal conductance for plants in non-saline conditions and improved photosystem II efficiency under salinity. In L. algarvense, inoculation enhanced stomata and salt gland epidermal area under tap water. While salinity significantly increased salt gland, stomata and pavement cells areas but not cell size. In L. daveaui, AMF led to an increased salt gland density as well as salt gland size under saline conditions. In both species, salinity increased the expression of Na+\/H+ antiporter AtSOS1, aquaporin TIP5, and salt gland development related genes LbTRY, Lb7G34824 and Lb4G22721GIS2. The expression of such genes was significantly reduced in AMF-inoculated plants under salinity. Besides, higher levels of gene expression were observed in L. algarvense than in L. daveaui. Overall, our findings highlight the protective role of halotolerant AMF and emphasize their potential as sustainable effective bio-inoculants for enhancing plant salinity tolerance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16091084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T10:51:33Z","timestamp":1757933493000},"page":"1084","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Halotolerant Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Enhances Tolerance in Limonium Species Under Long-Term Salinity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0620-3517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Gomes-Domingues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF) Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9788-4831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research Centre (CEF), Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture (ISA), University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2008-5876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Sim\u00f5es Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF) Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0142-8351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana D.","family":"Caperta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF) Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Shukla, P.R., Skea, J., Calvo Buendia, E., Masson-Delmotte, V., P\u00f6rtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Zhai, P., Slade, R., Connors, S., and van Diemen, R. 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