{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T09:13:26Z","timestamp":1764062006009,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Program Management Unit for Human Resources and Institutional Development and Innovation","award":["B13F670053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B13F670053"]}]},{"name":"National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT): High-Potential Research Team Grant Program","award":["N42A660605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42A660605"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004704","name":"National Research Council of Thailand","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N42A650233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42A650233"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Betagro Group","award":["6501.0901.1\/68"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6501.0901.1\/68"]}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Fellowship from Kasetsart University"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005621","name":"Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FF(S-KU)17.66","FF(KU)51.67","FF(KU)61.69"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF(S-KU)17.66","FF(KU)51.67","FF(KU)61.69"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Office of the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation","award":["RUP_Climate68_No.9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RUP_Climate68_No.9"]}]},{"name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) through the Kasetsart University Reinventing University Program 2025"},{"name":"The International SciKU Branding (ISB), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: North African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and bighead catfish (Clarias macrocephalus) play crucial roles in Thai aquaculture. Although significant growth disparities exist among these species, the genetic factors underlying these differences are still unknown. This study aimed to identify GH1 gene polymorphisms, in North African and bighead catfish populations across Thailand and Laos. Methods: Sequencing, phylogenetic, and clustering analyses were performed to assess genetic diversity, selection patterns, and lineage differentiation of catfish partial GH1 fragment. Results: Six alleles of the studied fragment of GH1 gene were identified; they differed at 33 variable sites within intron 2, located between the conserved regions at the 3\u2032 end of exon 2 and the 5\u2032 end of exon 3. At the population-level, GH1 exhibited low heterozygosity (mean Ho = 0.043 \u00b1 0.023; He = 0.059 \u00b1 0.028). Bayesian clustering analyses identified two distinct genetic clusters, corresponding to North African and bighead catfish, apart from the bighead population in Laos, indicating their distinct genetic origins. Evidence of purifying selection was observed in both species. Phylogenetic analysis indicated the presence of lineage-specific alleles in the GH1 gene. Conclusions: These findings provide valuable insights into GH1 polymorphisms in commercially important catfish species and may help to develop future breeding programs aimed at enhancing aquaculture productivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16111266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T09:16:07Z","timestamp":1761642967000},"page":"1266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["GH1 Gene Polymorphisms Reveal Population-Level Allele Variation in North African (Clarias gariepinus) and Bighead Catfish (Clarias macrocephalus)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Phonemany","family":"Thammachak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}]},{"given":"Piangjai","family":"Chalermwong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}]},{"given":"Chananya","family":"Patta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1694-7871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wattanawan","family":"Jaito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}]},{"given":"Worapong","family":"Singchat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics (SRUWG), Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7147-1684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thitipong","family":"Panthum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics (SRUWG), Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7589-3227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trifan","family":"Budi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}]},{"given":"Kednapat","family":"Sriphairoj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Resources and Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5201-2551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sittichai","family":"Hatachote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Resources and Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0354-6538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prapansak","family":"Srisapoome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7954-7348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narongrit","family":"Muangmai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Fishery Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9158-7924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orathai","family":"Sawatdichaikul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Health, Institute of Food Research and Product Development, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7595-3226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darren K.","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7, NJ, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1328-1732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agostinho","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Portode Leix\u00f5es, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Prateep","family":"Duengkae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics (SRUWG), Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0804-3561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uthairat","family":"Na-Nakorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}]},{"given":"Yoichi","family":"Matsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5985-7258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kornsorn","family":"Srikulnath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics (SRUWG), Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Biodiversity Center, Kasetsart University (BDCKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"Department of Fisheries (2024). 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