{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T14:29:37Z","timestamp":1771943377601,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,2]],"date-time":"2017-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/Multi\/04378\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/Multi\/04378\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gene therapy arises as a great promise for cancer therapeutics due to its potential to silence genes involved in tumor development. In fact, there are some pivotal gene drivers that suffer critical alterations leading to cell transformation and ultimately to tumor growth. In this vein, gene silencing has been proposed as an active tool to selectively silence these molecular triggers of cancer, thus improving treatment. However, naked nucleic acid (DNA\/RNA) sequences are reported to have a short lifetime in the body, promptly degraded by circulating enzymes, which in turn speed up elimination and decrease the therapeutic potential of these drugs. The use of nanoparticles for the effective delivery of these silencers to the specific target locations has allowed researchers to overcome this issue. Particularly, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been used as attractive vehicles for the target-specific delivery of gene-silencing moieties, alone or in combination with other drugs. We shall discuss current trends in AuNP-based delivery of gene-silencing tools, considering the promising road ahead without overlooking existing concerns for their translation to clinics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes8030094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,2]],"date-time":"2017-03-02T10:31:17Z","timestamp":1488450677000},"page":"94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Gold Nanoparticle Approach to the Selective Delivery of Gene Silencing in Cancer\u2014The Case for Combined Delivery?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Rita","family":"Mendes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO, DCV, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2054-4438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO, DCV, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO, DCV, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2013.12.019","article-title":"Therapeutic potentials of gene silencing by RNA interference: Principles, challenges, and new strategies","volume":"538","author":"Deng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO: World Health Organization. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2012.05.023","article-title":"Suicide gene therapy in cancer: Where do we stand now?","volume":"324","author":"Duarte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-2997(00)00007-8","article-title":"The molecular biology of cancer","volume":"21","author":"Bertram","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunt, K.K., Vorburger, S.A., and Swisher, S.G. (2007). Cancer Drug Discovery and Development: Gene Therapy for Cancer, Humana Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-222-9"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.5732\/cjc.012.10280","article-title":"Small interfering RNA-based molecular therapy of cancers","volume":"32","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2008.51","article-title":"Efficient oncogene silencing and metastasis inhibition via systemic delivery of siRNA","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5254","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16035254","article-title":"Development of small RNA delivery systems for lung cancer therapy","volume":"16","author":"Fujita","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajps.2014.08.011","article-title":"Delivery systems for siRNA drug development in cancer therapy","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/23808993.2016.1159914","article-title":"Non-small cell lung cancer biomarkers and targeted therapy\u2014Two faces of the same coin fostered by nanotechnology","volume":"1","author":"Mendes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Precis. Med. Drug Dev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3965","article-title":"Towards a molecular understanding of microRNA-mediated gene silencing","volume":"16","author":"Jonas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1200230","article-title":"Effect of siRNA-mediated knockdown of EIF3C gene on the survival of colon cancer cells","volume":"14","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2013.08.007","article-title":"Combination of siRNA-directed Kras oncogene silencing and arsenic-induced apoptosis using a nanomedicine strategy for the effective treatment of pancreatic cancer","volume":"10","author":"Zeng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.2174\/156652306777934838","article-title":"Gene silencing in the development of personalized cancer treatment: The targets, the agents and the delivery systems","volume":"6","author":"Verreault","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.12.015","article-title":"Gold-nanobeacons for simultaneous gene specific silencing and intracellular tracking of the silencing events","volume":"34","author":"Conde","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2013.02.011","article-title":"Nanomedicine and the complement paradigm","volume":"9","author":"Moghimi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2015.01.001","article-title":"Cancer nanomedicine: From targeted delivery to combination therapy","volume":"21","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/59448833","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles as novel agents for cancer therapy","volume":"85","author":"Jain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2015.00142","article-title":"The Golden Age in Cancer Nanobiotechnology: Quo Vadis?","volume":"3","author":"Conde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2011.05.016","article-title":"Nanoparticles: A boon to drug delivery, therapeutics, diagnostics and imaging","volume":"8","author":"Parveen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.3390\/nano5041853","article-title":"Gold Nanotheranostics: Proof-of-Concept or Clinical Tool?","volume":"5","author":"Pedrosa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2016-0240","article-title":"Efficient delivery of therapeutic siRNA into glioblastoma cells using multifunctional dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles","volume":"11","author":"Kong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TB00710D","article-title":"Partially PEGylated dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles: A promising nanoplatform for highly efficient DNA and siRNA delivery","volume":"4","author":"Hou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-012-0766-6","article-title":"Nanoparticle delivery systems for cancer therapy: Advances in clinical and preclinical research","volume":"14","author":"Egusquiaguirre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecm.2014.10.015","article-title":"Trends of Gold Nanoparticle-based Drug Delivery System in Cancer Therapy Trends of Gold Nanoparticle-based Drug Delivery System in Cancer Therapy","volume":"6","author":"Ajnai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1586\/14737159.2014.965683","article-title":"Anti-cancer precision theranostics: A focus on multifunctional gold nanoparticles","volume":"14","author":"Cabral","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2014.30","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles for nucleic acid delivery","volume":"22","author":"Ding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1039\/C6BM00441E","article-title":"Recent progress in nanomaterials for gene delivery applications","volume":"4","author":"Keles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.9404","article-title":"Nanoparticle-mediated systemic delivery of siRNA for treatment of cancers and viral infections","volume":"4","author":"Draz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-12-0429","article-title":"First-in-Humans Trial of an RNA Interference Therapeutic Targeting VEGF and KSP in Cancer Patients with Liver Involvement","volume":"3","author":"Tabernero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3765","article-title":"Delivery materials for siRNA therapeutics","volume":"12","author":"Kanasty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-071813-105119","article-title":"Recent Advances in Nanoparticle-Mediated siRNA Delivery","volume":"16","author":"Williford","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-013-0161-z","article-title":"Lipid nanoparticle delivery systems for siRNA-based therapeutics","volume":"4","author":"Wan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems: Recent Patents and Applications in Nanomedicine","volume":"3","author":"Martins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2010.02.002","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles: Optical properties and implementations in cancer diagnosis and photothermal therapy","volume":"1","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2015.05.009","article-title":"Metal nanoparticles: A theranostic nanotool against cancer","volume":"20","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1517\/17425241003777010","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles: Opportunities and challenges in nanomedicine","volume":"7","author":"Arvizo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2015.02.038","article-title":"Current trends in using polymer coated gold nanoparticles for cancer therapy","volume":"484","author":"Muddineti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330001","DOI":"10.1142\/S179398441330001X","article-title":"The Chemistry and Biology of Gold Nanoparticle-Mediated Photothermal Therapy: Promises and Challenges","volume":"3","author":"Cabral","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nano Life"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4691","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.5b11232","article-title":"Recent Progress in Cancer Thermal Therapy using Gold Nanoparticles","volume":"120","author":"Abadeer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2015.06.008","article-title":"15 years on siRNA delivery: Beyond the State-of-the-Art on inorganic nanoparticles for RNAi therapeutics","volume":"10","author":"Conde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4949","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b00891","article-title":"PolyA-Mediated DNA Assembly on Gold Nanoparticles for Thermodynamically Favorable and Rapid Hybridization Analysis","volume":"88","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, J.K.L., Mohseni, R., Hamidieh, A.A., Maclaren, R.E., Habib, N., and Seifalian, A.M. (2017). Will Nanotechnology Bring New Hope for Gene Delivery?. Trends Biotechnol.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2016.12.009"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1021\/mp3005885","article-title":"Multifunctional Gold Nanoparticles for Diagnosis and Therapy of Disease","volume":"10","author":"Mieszawska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.05.027","article-title":"Bioconjugated Gold Nanoparticles Enhance Cellular Uptake: A Proof of Concept Study for siRNA Delivery in Prostate Cancer Cells","volume":"509","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8316","DOI":"10.1021\/nn3030223","article-title":"Design of multifunctional gold nanoparticles for in vitro and in vivo gene silencing","volume":"6","author":"Conde","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.03.051","article-title":"Modified gold nanoparticles for intracellular delivery of anti-liver cancer siRNA","volume":"504","author":"Shaat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/nano7010010","article-title":"Gold Nanobeacons for Tracking Gene Silencing in Zebrafish","volume":"7","author":"Cordeiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molonc.2014.05.004","article-title":"Drug resistance to targeted therapies: D\u00e9j\u00e0 vu all over again","volume":"8","author":"Groenendijk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/499291a","article-title":"Calculated treatment","volume":"499","author":"Komarova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"134","article-title":"Drug Combinations in Cancer Treatments","volume":"3","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.09.048","article-title":"The use of Nanoparticle-mediated targeted gene silencing and drug delivery to overcome tumor drug resistance","volume":"31","author":"Patil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2014.12.005","article-title":"Are RNAi and miRNA therapeutics truly dead?","volume":"33","author":"Conde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e252","DOI":"10.1038\/mtna.2015.23","article-title":"siRNA Versus miRNA as Therapeutics for Gene Silencing","volume":"4","author":"Lam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2010.136","article-title":"Nanoparticles Modified With Tumor-targeting scFv Deliver siRNA and miRNA for Cancer Therapy","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. J. Am. Soc. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-13-0159","article-title":"Therapeutic synergy between microRNA and siRNA in ovarian cancer treatment","volume":"3","author":"Nishimura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3984","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6766","article-title":"Simultaneous gene silencing of KRAS and anti-apoptotic genes as a multitarget therapy","volume":"7","author":"Werner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2012.01567.x","article-title":"Doxorubicin: An update on anticancer molecular action, toxicity and novel drug delivery systems","volume":"65","author":"Tacar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sezer, A. (2014). Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/57028"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"311","article-title":"Targeted therapies: A new generation of cancer treatments","volume":"77","author":"Gerber","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S1028-4559(09)60296-5","article-title":"Mechanisms of Chemotherapeutic Drug Resistance in Cancer Therapy\u2014A Quick Review","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Taiwan. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2013.00134","article-title":"Nanomaterials for reversion of multidrug resistance in cancer: A new hope for an old idea?","volume":"4","author":"Conde","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e110","DOI":"10.1038\/mtna.2013.29","article-title":"Combination of siRNA-directed Gene Silencing With Cisplatin Reverses Drug Resistance in Human Non-small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"2","author":"Ganesh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr3413","article-title":"Delivery of gene silencing agents for breast cancer therapy","volume":"15","author":"Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2401841","article-title":"Heat shock proteins\u2014Modulators of apoptosis in tumour cells","volume":"14","author":"Creagh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajme.2011.01.001","article-title":"Plasmonic photo-thermal therapy (PPTT)","volume":"47","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alexandria J. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S1507-1367(10)60065-X","article-title":"Hyperthermia\u2014Description of a method and a review of clinical applications","volume":"12","author":"Skowronek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rep. Pract. Oncol. Radiother."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2013.1367","article-title":"Targeting heat shock transcription factor 1 for novel hyperthermia therapy (Review)","volume":"32","author":"Tabuchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2013.07.017","article-title":"HSF1 in translation","volume":"24","author":"Clarke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.05.045","article-title":"The reprogramming of tumor stroma by HSF1 is a potent enabler of malignancy","volume":"158","author":"Santagata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.36.851","article-title":"siRNA-mediated silencing of the gene for heat shock transcription factor 1 causes hypersensitivity to methylmercury in HEK293 cells","volume":"36","author":"Hwang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2010.09.009","article-title":"Silencing HSF1 by short hairpin RNA decreases cell proliferation and enhances sensitivity to hyperthermia in human melanoma cell lines","volume":"60","author":"Nakamura","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7678","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-4282","article-title":"Targeting the heat shock factor 1 by RNA interference: A potent tool to enhance hyperthermochemotherapy efficacy in cervical cancer","volume":"66","author":"Rossi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2015.12.018","article-title":"Synergistic nanomedicine by combined gene and photothermal therapy","volume":"98","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3709","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0570180","article-title":"Article DNA\u2014Gold Nanorod Conjugates for Remote Control of Localized Gene Expression by near Infrared Irradiation","volume":"128","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.05.039","article-title":"Biomaterials Complete destruction of deep-tissue buried tumors via combination of gene silencing and gold nanoechinus-mediated photodynamic therapy","volume":"62","author":"Vijayaraghavan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.7-5-458","article-title":"Combining Radiotherapy with Gene Therapy (From the Bench to the Bedside): A Novel Treatment Strategy for Prostate Cancer","volume":"7","author":"Teh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2009.50.143","article-title":"Silencing of Heat Shock Protein 70 Expression Enhances Radiotherapy Efficacy and Inhibits Cell Invasion in Endometrial Cancer Cell Line","volume":"50","author":"Du","year":"2009","journal-title":"Croat. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.2217\/imt.12.87","article-title":"siRNA and cancer immunotherapy","volume":"4","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2015.07.005","article-title":"RNAi nanomaterials targeting immune cells as an anti-tumor therapy: The missing link in cancer treatment?","volume":"19","author":"Conde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-588-0_21","article-title":"Inhibitory RNA Molecules in Immunotherapy for Cancer","volume":"623","author":"Mao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3165","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.29754","article-title":"Engineering better immunotherapies via RNA interference","volume":"10","author":"Sioud","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"13","article-title":"Nanomedicines for Cancer Therapy: An Update of FDA Approved and Those under Various Stages of Development","volume":"1","author":"Pillai","year":"2014","journal-title":"SOJ Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bulte, J.W.M., and Modo, M.M.J. (2017). Design and Applications of Nanoparticles in Biomedical Imaging, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-42169-8"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10003","article-title":"Nanoparticles in the Clinic","volume":"55","author":"Anselmo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4685","article-title":"Clinical experiences with systemically administered siRNA-based therapeutics in cancer","volume":"14","author":"Zuckerman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201001314","article-title":"Effective Gene Silencing by Multilayered siRNA-Coated Gold Nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"467","article-title":"Targeted therapy using nanotechnology: Focus on cancer","volume":"9","author":"Sanna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.10.016","article-title":"Nanoparticles for cancer gene therapy: Recent advances, challenges, and strategies","volume":"114","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751075","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/751075","article-title":"Noble Metal Nanoparticles Applications in Cancer","volume":"2012","author":"Conde","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1322","article-title":"Therapeutic gold, silver, and platinum nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"Yamada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.4155\/tde.12.21","article-title":"Size matters: Gold nanoparticles in targeted cancer drug delivery","volume":"3","author":"Dreaden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ther. Deliv."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/8\/3\/94\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:29:34Z","timestamp":1760207374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/8\/3\/94"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,2]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["genes8030094"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes8030094","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,2]]}}}