{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:23:31Z","timestamp":1772252611859,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]],"date-time":"2018-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["309699\/2015-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309699\/2015-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Most Neotropical Psittacidae have a diploid number of 2n = 70, and a dichotomy in chromosome patterns. Long-tailed species have biarmed macrochromosomes, while short-tailed species have telo\/acrocentric macrochromosomes. However, the use of chromosome painting has demonstrated that karyotype evolution in Psittacidae includes a high number of inter\/intrachromosomal rearrangements. To determine the phylogeny of long- and short-tailed species, and to propose a putative ancestral karyotype for this group, we constructed homology maps of Pyrrhura frontalis (PFR) and Amazona aestiva (AAE), belonging to the long- and short-tailed groups, respectively. Chromosomes were analyzed by conventional staining and fluorescent in situ hybridization using whole chromosome paints of Gallus gallus and Leucopternis albicollis. Conventional staining showed a karyotype with 2n = 70 in both species, with biarmed macrochromosomes in PFR and telo\/acrocentric chromosomes in AAE. Comparison of the results with the putative avian ancestral karyotype (PAK) showed fusions in PFR of PAK1p\/PAK4q (PFR1) and PAK6\/PAK7 (PFR6) with a paracentric inversion in PFR6. However, in AAE, there was only the fusion between PAK6\/7 (AAE7) with a paracentric inversion. Our results indicate that PFR retained a more basal karyotype than long-tailed species previously studied, and AAE a more basal karyotype for Neotropical Psittacidae analyzed so far.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9100491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]],"date-time":"2018-10-10T11:53:13Z","timestamp":1539172393000},"page":"491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Chromosome Painting in Neotropical Long- and Short-Tailed Parrots (Aves, Psittaciformes): Phylogeny and Proposal for a Putative Ancestral Karyotype for Tribe Arini"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ivanete de Oliveira","family":"Furo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Gen\u00e9tica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1 66075-110, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Cultura de Tecidos e Citogen\u00e9tica, SAMAM, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Par\u00e1 67030-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6856-2152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Kretschmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Gen\u00e9tica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91509-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia C. M.","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1472-1613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge C.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK"}]},{"given":"Anal\u00eda del Valle","family":"Garnero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Laborat\u00f3rio de Diversidade Gen\u00e9tica Animal, Universidade Federal do Pampa, S\u00e3o Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul 97300-162, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ricardo J.","family":"Gunski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Laborat\u00f3rio de Diversidade Gen\u00e9tica Animal, Universidade Federal do Pampa, S\u00e3o Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul 97300-162, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Malcolm A.","family":"Ferguson-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6315-3352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edivaldo Herculano Corr\u00eaa","family":"De Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Cultura de Tecidos e Citogen\u00e9tica, SAMAM, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Par\u00e1 67030-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Naturais, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1 66075-110, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Forshaw, J.W. 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