{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:11:20Z","timestamp":1760029880101,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["GeoHazards"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The central Ionian Sea is one of the most seismogenic areas in the Mediterranean Sea region. In particular, the island of Lefkada, Greece, has experienced many catastrophic earthquakes. The historical seismicity of Lefkada has been revised by utilizing published and little-known macroseismic information sources, e.g., administrative documents, letters, marginal notes, and eyewitness accounts. We organized a new descriptive and parametric catalogue of 44 earthquakes that had their maximum macroseismic intensity in Lefkada and covered the time interval from the 15th century A.D. up to 1911. Earthquake dates, origin times, intensities, magnitudes, and epicentral coordinates were estimated or revised. Magnitudes estimated in previous catalogues in general are larger with respect to our magnitude determinations, possibly due to different calculation methods. The descriptive part of the catalogue includes descriptions of the earthquakes\u2019 impact on buildings and of environmental effects, e.g., landslides and local tsunamis. The catalogue completeness gradually increases with time but is likely complete for the entire period examined lower magnitude threshold Mw = 6.0. One important yet puzzling earthquake is the large one that reportedly ruptured the Strait of Otranto and damaged an unprecedentedly extensive region in Italy, Albania, and Greece, including Lefkada, on 9\/20 February 1743. Little-known documents revealed that the heavy destruction supposedly caused in Lefkada was very likely due to amalgamated information regarding local earthquakes and the large one.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/geohazards6010007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T10:07:56Z","timestamp":1738922876000},"page":"7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Revision of Historical Earthquakes in the Ionian Sea, Greece: Island of Lefkada"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Gerassimos A.","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Board of Directors, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos Campus, 71410 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioanna","family":"Triantafyllou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics of the Earth\u2019s Interior and Geohazards, Hellenic Mediterranean University Research Center, 73133 Chania, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Seismological Centre (2024, November 13). The ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue, Version 10.0-Released on 21 March 2023. Available online: http:\/\/www.isc.ac.uk\/iscgem\/download.php."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03352478","article-title":"The Lefkada, Ionian Sea (Greece), shock (Mw6.2) of 14 August 2003: Evidence for the characteristic earthquake model from seismicity and ground failures","volume":"55","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Earth Planets Space."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7973","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL069764","article-title":"Slip model of the 17 November 2015 Mw=6.5 Lefkada earthquake from the joint inversion of geodetic and seismic data","volume":"43","author":"Chousianitis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3869","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-017-1601-3","article-title":"The Mw6.5 17 November 2015 Lefkada (Greece) Earthquake: Structural Interpretation by Means of the Aftershock Analysis","volume":"174","author":"Papadimitriou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Barbiani, D.G., and Barbiani, B.A. (1864). M\u00e9moire sur les tremblements de terre dans l \u00eele de Zante. M\u00e9moires de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie \u0399mperiale des Sciences, Available online: https:\/\/ejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr\/index.php\/geosociety\/article\/view\/17261."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Schmidt, J.F. (1879). Studien \u00fcber Erdbeben, A. Georgi."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"113","article-title":"Untersuchungen \u00fcber Erdbeben und Bruchschollenbau im \u00f6stlichen Mittelmeergebiet: Ergebnisse einer Erdbebenkundlichen Orientreise","volume":"8","author":"Sieberg","year":"1932","journal-title":"Denksschr. Mediz. Naturwiss. Gesellsch. Z. Jena"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1005","article-title":"Erdbebengeographie","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Sieberg","year":"1932","journal-title":"Handbuch der Geophysic"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"119","article-title":"Lefkas and Lefkadii epi Agglikis prostasias:1810\u20131864 (Lefkada and Lefkadians during English protection:1810\u20131864)","volume":"12","author":"Machairas","year":"1940","journal-title":"Etaireia pros Enisxisin ton Eptanisiakon Meleton."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Machairas, K. (1951). I Lefkas epi Enetokratias:1684\u20131797 (Lefkas During the Venetian Occupation: 1684\u20131797), (In Greek)."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"384","article-title":"Naoi kai Monae Lefkados (Churches and Monasteries of Lefkada)","volume":"Volume 227","author":"Machairas","year":"1957","journal-title":"Vivliothiki Istorikon Meleton"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"256","article-title":"Die Seismizit\u00e4t der Insel Leukas","volume":"62","author":"Galanopoulos","year":"1952","journal-title":"Gerlands Beitr\u00e4ge zur Geophysik."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"83","article-title":"A Seismic Geography of Greece (Sismiki Geografia tis Ellados)","volume":"6","author":"Galanopoulos","year":"1955","journal-title":"Ann. Geogol. Pays Hellen."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Galanopoulos, A.G. (1960). Greece\u2014A Catalog of Shocks with I \u2265 VI or M \u2265 5 for the Years 1801\u20131958, University of Athens Greece."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Galanopoulos, A.G. (1961). Greece\u2014A Catalog of Shocks with Io \u2265 VII for the Years Prior to 1800, University of Athens Greece."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"648","article-title":"The Damaging shocks and the Earthquake Potential of Greece","volume":"30","author":"Galanopoulos","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann. Geol. Pays Hellen."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Papazachos, B.C., and Papazachou, C. (1989). The Earthquakes of Greece, Ziti Publication. (In Greek)."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"151","article-title":"Seismologio Lefkados:1469\u20131971 (Seismologio of Lefkada:1469\u20131971)","volume":"8","author":"Rontoyiannis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Etaireia Lefkadikon Meleton."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Papazachos, B.C., and Papazachou, C. (1997). The Earthquakes of Greece, Ziti Publication."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Papadatou-Giannopoulou, C. (1999). Lefkada Erevnontas (Investigating Lefkada), Achaikes Ekdoseis. (In Greek)."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.12681\/bgsg.17261","article-title":"Historical earthquakes and tsunamis of the south Ionian Sea occurring from 1591 to 1837","volume":"34","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull. Geol. Soc. Greece."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Papazachos, B.C., and Papazachou, C. (2003). The Earthquakes of Greece, Ziti Publication. (In Greek)."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Spyropoulos, P.J. (1997). Chroniko ton Seismon tis Ellados apo tin Arcxaiotita Mexri Simera (A Chronicle of Greek Earthquakes from the Antiquity up Today), Dodoni Publication. (In Greek)."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambraseys, N.N. (2009). Earthquakes in the Mediterranean and Middle East, A Multidisciplinary Study of Seismicity up to 1900, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139195430"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"195","article-title":"Contribution of historical information to a realistic seismicity and hazard assessment of an area","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Albini","year":"1993","journal-title":"Materials for the CEC Project Review of Historical Seismicity in Europe"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"11","article-title":"Material for the investigation of the seismicity of the Ionian Islands between 1704 and 1766","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Albini","year":"1994","journal-title":"Materials for the CEC Project Review of Historical Seismicity in Europe"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fr\u00e9chet, J., Meghraoui, M., and Stucchi, M. (2008). Glimpse into the Seismicity of the Ionian Islands Between 1658 and 1664. Historical Seismology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-8222-1"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Zachariadou, E. (1999). Venetian documents on earthquakes within and at the western borders of the Ottoman empire (17th\u201318th centuries). Natural Disasters in the Ottoman Empire-A Symposium Held in Rethymnon, 10\u201312 January 1997, Crete University Press."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10950-013-9390-3","article-title":"The University of Athens Hellenic Macroseismic Database (HMDB.UoA): Historical earthquakes","volume":"17","author":"Kouskouna","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Seismol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Zachariadou, E. (1999). Unpublished Ottoman archival information on the seismicity of the Balkans during the period 1500-1800. Natural Disasters in the Ottoman Empire-A Symposium Held in Rethymnon, 10\u201312 January 1997, Crete University Press."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2554","DOI":"10.1785\/0220200056","article-title":"Documenting earthquakes in the United States of the Ionian Islands, 1815\u20131864","volume":"91","author":"Albini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mavroulis, S., and Lekkas, E. (2021). Revisiting the Most Destructive Earthquake Sequence in the Recent History of Greece: Environmental Effects Induced by the 9, 11 and 12 August 1953 Ionian Sea Earthquakes. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11188429"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Triantafyllou, I., and Papadopoulos, G.A. (2023). Earthquakes in the Ionian Sea, Greece, Documented from Little-Known Historical Sources: AD 1513\u20131900. Geosciences, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences13090285"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00e1rnik, V. (1971). Seismicity of the European Area, Part 2, D. Reidel Publ. Company.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-3078-6"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Guidoboni, E., Ferrari, G., Mariotti, D., Comastri, A., Tarabusi, G., and Valensise, G. (2024, May 10). CFTI4Med, Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy (461 B.C.-1997) and Mediterranean Area (760 B.C.-1500). INGV-SGA, 2007. Available online: https:\/\/www.annalsofgeophysics.eu\/index.php\/annals\/article\/view\/3668."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s10950-012-9302-y","article-title":"The European-Mediterranean Earthquake Catalogue (EMEC) for the last millennium","volume":"16","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Seismol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s10950-012-9335-2","article-title":"The SHARE European Earthquake Catalogue (SHEEC) 1000\u20131899","volume":"17","author":"Stucchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Seismol."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Guidoboni, E., Ferrari, G., Mariotti, D., Comastri, A., Tarabusi, G., Sgattoni, G., and Valensise, G. (2024, October 22). CFTI5Med, Catalogo dei Forti Terremoti in Italia (461 a.C.-1997) e nell\u2019area Mediterranea (760 a.C.-1500). Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Rome, 2018. Available online: http:\/\/storing.ingv.it\/cfti\/cfti5."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-019-0091-9","article-title":"CFTI5Med, the new release of the catalogue of strong earthquakes in Italy and in the Mediterranean area","volume":"6","author":"Guidoboni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hebenstreit, G.T. (2001). Historical and archaeological evidence of earthquakes and tsunamis felt in the Kythira strait, Greece. Tsunami Research at the End of a Critical Decade, Advances in Natural & Technological Hazards Research, Kluwer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-3618-3"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"389","article-title":"Historical seismicity of the Kyparissiakos Gulf, western Peloponnese, Greece","volume":"55","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2018.04.002","article-title":"Tearing, segmentation, and backstepping subduction in the Aegean: New insights from seismicity","volume":"734\u2013735","author":"Bocchini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggaa053","article-title":"The 2018 Mw6.8 Zakynthos (Ionian Sea, Greece) earthquake: Seismic source and local tsunami characterization","volume":"221","author":"Cirella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jog.2020.101731","article-title":"The 25 October 2018 Mw = 6.7 Zakynthos earthquake (Ionian Sea, Greece): A low-angle fault model based on GNSS data, relocated seismicity, small tsunami and implications for the seismic hazard in the west Hellenic Arc","volume":"137","author":"Ganas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-1951(79)90131-8","article-title":"The Hellenic Arc and Trench system: A key to the neotectonic evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean area","volume":"60","author":"Angelier","year":"1979","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-1951(86)90138-1","article-title":"Seismotectonics of the Aegean region","volume":"124","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"1986","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1987.tb01675.x","article-title":"Active tectonics of the Adriatic region","volume":"91","author":"Anderson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.4401\/ag-4023","article-title":"Large seismic faults in the Hellenic arc","volume":"39","author":"Papazachos","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"966","article-title":"Earthquake mechanisms and active tectonics of the Hellenic subduction zone","volume":"181","author":"Shaw","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00880738","article-title":"Evidence for transform faulting in the Ionian Sea: The Cephalonia Island earthquake sequence of 1983","volume":"123","author":"Scordilis","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-3707(03)00050-4","article-title":"Focal mechanisms of shallow earthquakes in the Aegean Sea and the surrounding lands determined by waveform modelling: A new database","volume":"36","author":"Kiratzi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-1951(99)00300-5","article-title":"Western Hellenic subduction and Cephalonia Transform: Local earthquakes and plate transport and strain","volume":"319","author":"Sachpazi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s11001-006-9005-2","article-title":"The Kefalonia transform zone (offshore western Greece) with special emphasis to its prolongation towards the Ionian abyssal plain","volume":"27","author":"Kokinou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"B10403","article-title":"A new velocity field for Greece: Implications for the kinematics and dynamics of the Aegean","volume":"115","author":"Billiris","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"Q09013","article-title":"Bridging onshore and offshore present-day kinematics of central and eastern Mediterranean: Implications for crustal dynamics and mantle flow","volume":"13","author":"Rabaute","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6137","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL069427","article-title":"Asperity break after 12 years: The Mw6.4 2015 Lefkada (Greece) earthquake","volume":"43","author":"Sokos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1785\/0220190169","article-title":"The 2018 Mw6.8 Zakynthos, Greece, Earthquake: Dominant Strike-Slip Faulting near Subducting Slab","volume":"91","author":"Sokos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papadopoulos, G.A., Agalos, A., Minadakis, G., Triantafyllou, I., and Krassakis, P. (2020). Short-Term Foreshocks as Key Information for Mainshock Timing and Rupture: The Mw6.8 25 October 2018 Zakynthos Earthquake, Hellenic Subduction Zone. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20195681"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GC009243","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GC009243","article-title":"Earthquake swarms, slow slip and fault interactions at the western-end of the Hellenic subduction system precede the moment Mw 6.9 Zakynthos earthquake, Greece","volume":"21","author":"Mouslopoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-011-0080-6","article-title":"Evaluation of active faulting and earthquake secondary effects in Lefkada Island, Ionian Sea, Greece: An overview","volume":"61","author":"Rondoyanni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"2225","article-title":"Mesaionikon Seismologion tis Hellados kai Idios tis Kefallinias kai Lefkados (Medieval Seismologion of Greece Particularly of Cephalonia and Lefkada)","volume":"2","author":"Sathas","year":"1867","journal-title":"Aion"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"1985","article-title":"Ai dekatreis mnimonevomenai katastrofai tis Lefkados apo tou 1612 mexri tou 1869 (Thirteen mentioned disasters of Lefkada from 1612 to 1869)","volume":"726","author":"Stamatelos","year":"1870","journal-title":"Efimeris Filom."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Antoniades, \u039a. (1854). Ta Hellenika (The Hellenics)."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Valaoritis, A. (Newspaper Aion, Athens, 1870). O seismos tis Lefkados tis 16is Dekemvriou 1869 (The Lefkada earthquake of 16th December 1869), Newspaper Aion, Athens."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Vivlio Seismon. (Book of Earthquakes):1893\u20131899, National Observatory of Athens. (In Greek)."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Vivlio Seismon. (Book of Earthquakes):1902\u20131915, National Observatory of Athens. (In Greek)."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"27","article-title":"The Ionian Islands earthquakes of 1767 and 1769: Seismological aspects-Contribution of historical information to a realistic seismicity and hazard assessment of an area","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Albini","year":"1994","journal-title":"Materials for the CEC Project Review of Historical Seismicity in Europe"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"von Hoff, K.E.A. (1841). Geschichte der Nat\u00fcrlichen Ver\u00e4nderungen der Erdoberft\u00e4che, Chronik der Erdbeben und Vulkan-Aubr\u00fcche, Available online: https:\/\/www.bavarikon.de\/object\/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10706942?p=24&cq=Asia&lang=de."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Theodosiou, S., and Danezis, M. (1995). I Odysseia ton Imerologion-Astronomia kai Paradosi (The Odyssey of Calendars-Astronomy and Tradition), Diavlos Publ."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"1","article-title":"European Macroseismic Scale 1998","volume":"7","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cah. Cent. Eur. G\u00e9odynamique S\u00e9ismology"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Roussou, M. (2007). Lefkada Earthquake-Resistant Buildings: Assessment and Recommendations for the Interventions on Buildings of Lefkada\u2019s Historical Settlement, Earthquake Planning and Protection Organization-National Technical University, Public Library of Lefkada."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Papadatou-Giannopoulou, C. (2021). The Ingenious Antiseismic Building Construction on the Island of Lefkas, Fagotoo Books."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"1502","article-title":"The location and sizing of historical earthquakes using the attenuation of macroseismic intensity with distance","volume":"87","author":"Gasperini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Musson, R.M.W., and Jim\u00e9nez, M.J. (2024, November 16). Macroseismic Estimation of Earthquake Parameters. NA4 Deliverable D3, NERIES Project. Available online: http:\/\/emidius.mi.ingv.it\/neries_NA4\/deliverables.php."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0870061502","article-title":"Estimating earthquake location and magnitude from seismic intensity data","volume":"87","author":"Bakun","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambraseys, N.N., Melville, C.P., and Adams, R.D. (1994). The Seismicity of Egypt, Arabia and the Red Sea: A Historical Review, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511524912"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Papadopoulos, G.A., and Roussopoulou, C. (1994, January 19\u201324). Empirical distributions of macroseismc quantities in Greece. Proceedings of the Abstracts XXIV European Seismological Commission General Assembly, Athens, Greece."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Papadopoulos, G.A. (2011). Earthquakes and Tsunamis in Crete: The Hellenic Arc, 2000 BC\u2013AD 2010, Ocelotos Publication."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-019-02363-5","article-title":"The Large Earthquake (~\u2009M7) and Its Associated Tsunami of 8 November 1905 in Mt. Athos, Northern Greece","volume":"177","author":"Zaniboni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Chatzipetros, A., and Pavlides, S. (2004, January 14\u201320). Magnitudes of historical Greek earthquakes estimated by magnitude\/intensity relationships. Proceedings of the 5th Internat. Symposium on Eastern Mediterranean Geology, Thessaloniki, Greece."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2017.01.019","article-title":"The November 17th, 2015 Lefkada (Greece) strike-slip earthquake: Field mapping of generated failures and assessment of macroseismic intensity ESI-07","volume":"220","author":"Papathanassiou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Vlantis, S.A. (1902). I Lefkas-Istorikon Dokimion (Lefkada-A Historical Essay), Available online: https:\/\/www.preprints.org\/manuscript\/202412.0338\/v1\/download."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Margottini, C., and Serva, L. (1987, January 27\u201329). Some aspects of the seismological interpretation of information on historical earthquakes. Proceedings of the Workshop on Historical Seismicity of Central-Eastern Mediterranean Region, Roma, Italy. Proceedings."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"177","article-title":"The \u201ctaranta\u201d effect of the 1743 earthquake in Salento (Apulia, southern Italy)","volume":"49","author":"Galli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Boll. Geofis. Teor. Appl."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Rovida, A., Camassi, R., Gasperini, P., and Stucchi, M. (2024, September 12). CPTI11, the 2011 Version of the Parametric Catalogue of Italian Earthquakes. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, 2011 Milano, Bologna. Available online: http:\/\/emidius.mi.ingv.it\/CPTI."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-016-2548-x","article-title":"The environmental effects of the 1743 Salento earthquake (Apulia, southern Italy): A contribution to seismic hazard assessment of the Salento Peninsula","volume":"86","author":"Nappi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"(2024, May 10). ASV, 1743a. Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Senato, Dispacci, Provveditori generali da mar, filza 988 (1742-43), Dispaccio del provveditore generale da mar Antonio Loredan al Senato veneziano, Corf\u00f9, 16 marzo 1743. Available online: http:\/\/storing.ingv.it\/cfti\/cfti5\/pdf_T\/000131-510428_T.pdf."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s10950-009-9172-0","article-title":"The comparison of macroseismic intensity scales","volume":"14","author":"Musson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Seismol."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"(2024, May 10). ASV. 1743b. Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Senato, Dispacci, Provveditori generali da mar, Dispaccio del provveditore generale da mar Antonio Loredan al Senato veneziano, Corf\u00f9, 12 agosto1743. Available online: http:\/\/storing.ingv.it\/cfti\/cfti5\/pdf_T\/000131-510398_T.pdf."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Hennen, J. (1830). Sketched Medical Topography of the Mediterranean, Thomas and George Underwood."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"113","article-title":"Enthimiseon itoi chronikon simeiomaton syllogi proti (First collection of Remembrances, i.e., of Chronicle Notes)","volume":"7","author":"Lampros","year":"1910","journal-title":"Neos Ellinomnimon"},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"3","article-title":"M\u00e9moire sur les tremblements de terre ressentis dans la peninsule turco-hell\u00e9nique et en Syrie","volume":"23","author":"Perrey","year":"1849","journal-title":"M\u00e9m. Academie Royale Sci. Belgique"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"46","article-title":"Istoriki apopsis peri seismon en Elladi kai idios en Zakyntho (A historical view of earthquakes in Greece and particularly in Zakynthos)","volume":"13","author":"Chiotis","year":"1886","journal-title":"Kipseli"},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"396","article-title":"Oi en Eptaniso Seismoi kata ta eti 1820 and1825 eis perigrafin eggrafon tou aporritou archeiou tou Vatikanou (The earthquakes of the years 1820 and1825 in Eptanisa from documents of the restricted Vatican files)","volume":"3","author":"Zoras","year":"1973","journal-title":"Parnassos"},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Hartley, J. (1825). Rev. John Hartley\u2019s Proceedings in Santa Maura. The Missionary Register, Seeley & Son, L.B."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"465","article-title":"Intensity scale","volume":"6","author":"Forel","year":"1881","journal-title":"Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"3","article-title":"Programma dell\u2019osservatorio ed archivio centrale geodinamico presso il R. Comitato Geologico d\u2019Italia","volume":"10","year":"1883","journal-title":"Bull. Vulcan. Italy"},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"K\u00e1rnik, V. (1996). Seismicity of Europe and the Mediterranean, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Geophysics Institute."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-12-1425-2012","article-title":"An updated and extended earthquake catalogue for Greece and adjacent areas since 1900","volume":"12","author":"Makropoulos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."}],"container-title":["GeoHazards"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-795X\/6\/1\/7\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:28:42Z","timestamp":1760027322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-795X\/6\/1\/7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["geohazards6010007"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/geohazards6010007","relation":{},"ISSN":["2624-795X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2624-795X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]}}}