{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:42:32Z","timestamp":1760236952565,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,30]],"date-time":"2020-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geosciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The occurrence of groundwater in urban hard rock areas is mostly controlled by secondary permeability caused by the fracturing degree and weathering grade. Vulnerability GIS-mapping, monitoring, and infiltration\/recharge of water resources, and the delineation of the environmental protective background are key issues in evaluating, planning, managing, and decision-making for urban water systems. A small-scale urban area in Penafiel City was used as a case study. Historical and current scenarios were compared using hydrogeological GIS-based modelling. Water sources and potential contamination sources were mapped around the study area. Groundwater is mainly acidic, with a low mineralization and a Cl-Na to Cl-SO4-Na or Cl-Ca to Cl-SO4-Ca hydrogeochemical facies. Considering potential contamination sources, the moderate and the moderate-high classes dominate the area. The combined approach of the vulnerability indexes suggests that most of the area has a low to moderate vulnerability to contamination. The Infiltration Potential Index in urban areas (IPI-urban) indicates the prevalence of a low to moderate infiltration. Groundwater recharge evaluation indicates values &lt; 2.3 mm\/year and &lt;60 mm\/year for summer and winter scenarios, respectively. Finally, the investigation addresses insights for decision-makers for the appropriate planning and sustainable management of groundwater resources in small-scale urban areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences10020054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]],"date-time":"2020-02-03T01:25:51Z","timestamp":1580693151000},"page":"54","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Integrative Groundwater Studies in a Small-Scale Urban Area: Case Study from the Municipality of Penafiel (NW Portugal)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Liliana","family":"Freitas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"L<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps\">abcarga<\/span>\u2014Laboratory of Cartography and Applied Geology, Department of Geotechnical Engineering, School of Engineering (ISEP), Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CITEUC, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Helder I.","family":"Chamin\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"L<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps\">abcarga<\/span>\u2014Laboratory of Cartography and Applied Geology, Department of Geotechnical Engineering, School of Engineering (ISEP), Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre GeoBioTec|UA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"L<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps\">abcarga<\/span>\u2014Laboratory of Cartography and Applied Geology, Department of Geotechnical Engineering, School of Engineering (ISEP), Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre GeoBioTec|UA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Meerkhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"L<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps\">abcarga<\/span>\u2014Laboratory of Cartography and Applied Geology, Department of Geotechnical Engineering, School of Engineering (ISEP), Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre GeoBioTec|UA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3438-3479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering (ISEP), Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Filinto","family":"Trigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"L<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps\">abcarga<\/span>\u2014Laboratory of Cartography and Applied Geology, Department of Geotechnical Engineering, School of Engineering (ISEP), Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering (ISEP), Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alcides J. S. C.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITEUC, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Tricart, J. (2019, December 16). G\u00e9omorphologie et Eaux Souterraines. Available online: https:\/\/iahs.info\/uploads\/dms\/05603.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/07900628808722397","article-title":"Sustainable water development for developing countries","volume":"4","author":"Biswas","year":"1988","journal-title":"Water Res. Develop."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Feyen, J., Shannon, K., and Neville, M. (2008). Sustainable urban water management. Water and Urban Development Paradigms: Towards an Integration of Engineering, Design and Management Approaches, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. 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