{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T21:44:37Z","timestamp":1775166277388,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,13]],"date-time":"2022-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geosciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>S\u00e3o Pedro do Sul thermomineral aquifer system is located in the North of Portugal. Hydrogeochemistry and isotopic studies were conducted in order to improve knowledge of this groundwater system, known since ancient Roman times for their therapeutic properties. One thermomineral spring (NT) and three boreholes (AC1, SDV1 and SDV2) have a mean temperature around 68 \u00b0C. Currently, these waters are mainly used in thermal spas and for geothermal energy supply. Major cations and anions were used to identify and characterize different water types and sub-systems. Stable isotopes composition, \u03b418O and \u03b42H, have been used to determine the origin and have been used as a first approach to estimate the mean preferential recharge altitude of thermomineral water. The results suggest a single aquifer system with a relative composition of cations and anions and similar mineralization values. \u03b418O and \u03b42H values indicate a meteoric origin with no significant evaporation before infiltration. Besides, the isotopic composition points to recharge areas located at altitudes of about 1000 m a.s.l. This suggests a recharge area in the Freita\/Arada mountains located NW of the thermomineral poles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences12020084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,13]],"date-time":"2022-02-13T21:08:43Z","timestamp":1644786523000},"page":"84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Contributions for the Understanding of the S\u00e3o Pedro do Sul (North of Portugal) Geohydraulic and Thermomineral System: Hydrochemistry and Stable Isotopes Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6689-6060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solange","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Arquitetura, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade da Beira Interior, R. Marqu\u00eas de \u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2367-373X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Arquitetura, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade da Beira Interior, R. Marqu\u00eas de \u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Geobioci\u00eancias, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias (Geobiotec), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2465-2698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alcino","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geologia, Escola de Ci\u00eancias da Vida e do Ambiente, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Geoci\u00eancias (CGeo), Universidade de Coimbra, Rua S\u00edlvio Lima, Universidade de Coimbra\u2014Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2178-7848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Carreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, ao km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(00)00114-9","article-title":"Protection areas of the S\u00e3o Pedro do Sul Spa, Portugal","volume":"60","author":"Albuquerque","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eng. 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