{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T19:48:01Z","timestamp":1774554481790,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030138, 02-SAICT-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030138, 02-SAICT-2017"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDP\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04683\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030138, 02-SAICT-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030138, 02-SAICT-2017"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["UIDP\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04683\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geosciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mining activities promote resulting wastes, so coal mines are prone to release contaminants to the environment, namely to the soil and water. Therefore, the analysis of this type of risk is crucial in waste pile management. The S\u00e3o Pedro da Cova (Porto, Portugal) coal waste pile has been studied in recent years, with several data acquired from 2019\u20132021 under a research project using distinct methodologies. These results are now combined in a multi-approach method to estimate the environmental impacts of the waste pile and identify the contamination. With the integration of all the data in a Geographical Information System (GIS) environment, and to fulfill a scientific gap, this study aims: (i) to create a susceptibility map of contamination in the areas surrounding the self-burning coal waste pile in S\u00e3o Pedro da Cova, using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Fuzzy AHP approaches; and (ii) to develop a webGIS application incorporating all the information acquired that can be useful for the residents of S\u00e3o Pedro da Cova and also to the decision-making public entities and researchers. The results obtained show that the contamination susceptibility is higher surrounding the abandoned mine, particularly along the waste piles and the corresponding runoff areas, which can be especially sensitive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences12100352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T01:47:06Z","timestamp":1663811226000},"page":"352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["An Interactive WebGIS Integrating Environmental Susceptibility Mapping in a Self-Burning Waste Pile Using a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7537-6606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lia","family":"Duarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Porto Pole, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8043-6431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Teodoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Porto Pole, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6114-1427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Porto Pole, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Rodrigues de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Porto Pole, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8265-3897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Cardoso-Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Porto Pole, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4631-7831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deolinda","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Porto Pole, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.08.085","article-title":"Heavy metal pollution of coal mine-affected agricultural soils in the northern part of Bangladesh","volume":"173","author":"Bhuiyan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coal.2009.10.005","article-title":"Burning of coal waste piles from Douro Coalfield (Portugal): Petrological, geochemical and mineralogical characterization","volume":"81","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coal.2010.06.006","article-title":"Petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical characterization of the Serrinha coal waste pile (Douro Coalfield, Portugal) and the potential environmental impacts on soil, sediments and surface waters","volume":"83","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coal.2010.11.012","article-title":"Evaluation of pollution levels at an abandoned coal mine site in Turkey with the aid of GIS","volume":"86","author":"Yenilmez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envadv.2022.100215","article-title":"Assessment of soil, sediment and water contaminations around open-pit coal mines in Moatize, Tete province, Mozambique","volume":"8","author":"Marove","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Adv."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-014-3170-4","article-title":"Spatial risk assessment related to abandoned mining activities: An environmental management tool","volume":"72","author":"Antunes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-L\u00f3pez, S., Mart\u00ednez-S\u00e1nchez, M.J., and P\u00e9rez-Sirvent, C. (2021). Do Old Mining Areas Represent an Environmental Problem and Health Risk? A Critical Discussion through a Particular Case. Minerals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/min11060594"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68773","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-15385-1","article-title":"Socio-environmental conflict over abandoned mining waste in Copaquilla, Chile","volume":"28","author":"Philimon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tozsin, G., Arol, A.I., Duzgun, S., Soydan, H., and Torun, A. (2022). Effects of abandoned coal mine on the water quality. Int. J. Coal Prep. Util.","DOI":"10.1080\/19392699.2022.2044320"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salgado-Almeida, B., Falquez-Torres, D.A., Romero-Crespo, P.L., Valverde-Armas, P.E., Guzm\u00e1n-Mart\u00ednez, F., and Jim\u00e9nez-Oyola, S. (2022). Risk Assessment of Mining Environmental Liabilities for Their Categorization and Prioritization in Gold-Mining Areas of Ecuador. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14106089"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112633","article-title":"Assessment of dissolved mercury by diffusive gradients in thin films devices in abandoned ponds impacted by small scale gold mining","volume":"208","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alamanos, A., and Papaioannou, G. (2020). A GIS Multi-Criteria Analysis Tool for a Low-Cost, Preliminary Evaluation of Wetland Effectiveness for Nutrient Buffering at Watershed Scale: The Case Study of Grand River, Ontario, Canada. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12113134"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2016.02.012","article-title":"An application of nonlinear fuzzy analytic hierarchy process in safety evaluation of coal mine","volume":"86","author":"Qiaoxiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-009-0093-6","article-title":"Application of a fuzzy operator to susceptibility estimations of coal mine subsidence in Taebaek City, Korea","volume":"59","author":"Choi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-020-09119-8","article-title":"Assessing subsidence susceptibility to coal mining using frequency ratio, statistical index and Mamdani fuzzy models: Evidence from Raniganj coalfield, India","volume":"79","author":"Rehman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-018-4071-8","article-title":"A GIS-based method of risk assessment on no. 11 coal-floor water inrush from Ordovician limestone in Hancheng mining area, China","volume":"11","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36215","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-09710-3","article-title":"Multi-criteria decision-making using GIS-AHP for air pollution problem in Igdir Province\/Turkey","volume":"27","author":"Sahin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.20903\/csnmbs.masa.2019.40.1.136","article-title":"Landslides Susceptibility Zonation of the Territory of North Macedonia Using Analytical Hierarchy Process Approach","volume":"40","author":"Milevski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contrib. Sect. Nat. Math. Biotech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, J., Viveiros, D., Ferreira, J., Lopez-Gil, A., Dominguez-Lopez, A., Martins, H., Perez-Herrera, R., Lopez-Aldaba, A., Duarte, L., and Pinto, A. (2017). ECOAL Project\u2014Delivering Solutions for Integrated Monitoring of Coal-Related Fires Supported on Optical Fiber Sensing Technology. Appl. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/app7090956"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teodoro, A., Santos, P., Marques, J.E., Ribeiro, J., Mansilha, C., Melo, A., Duarte, L., de Almeida, C.R., and Flores, D. (2021). An integrated multi-approach to environmental monitoring of a self-burning coal waste pile: The s\u00e3o pedro da cova mine (porto, portugal) study case. Environments, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/environments8060048"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duarte, L., Teodoro, A.C., Gon\u00e7alves, J.A., Ribeiro, J., Flores, D., Lopez-Gil, A., Dominguez-Lopez, A., Angulo-Vinuesa, X., Martin-Lopez, S., and Gonzalez-Herraez, M. (2017). Distributed Temperature Measurement in a Self-Burning Coal Waste Pile through a GIS Open Source Desktop Application. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6030087"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.08.046","article-title":"Identification of nanominerals and nanoparticles in burning coal waste piles from Portugal","volume":"408","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2011.10.076","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in burning and non-burning coal waste piles","volume":"199\u2013200","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coal.2013.01.007","article-title":"Mineral speciation and fate of some hazardous contaminants in coal waste pile from anthracite mining in Portugal","volume":"109\u2013110","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"493","article-title":"Mineralogy and Magnetic Parameters of Materials Resulting from the Mining and Consumption of Coal from the Douro Coalfield, Northwest Portugal in Coal and Peat Fires: A Global Perspective","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Coal and Peat Fires: A Global Perspective"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Ibaraki, M., and Mori, H. (2017). Volatile organic compounds emitted from self-burning coal waste piles in Spain and Portugal: Environment and human health concerns. Progress in Medical Geology, Cambridge Scholars Publishing."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engeos.2020.09.005","article-title":"Occurrence, leaching, and mobility of major and trace elements in a coal mining waste dump: The case of Douro Coalfield, Portugal","volume":"2","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Geosci."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"117","article-title":"General description of the terrestrial carboniferous basins in Portugal and history of investigations","volume":"29","author":"Oliveira","year":"1983","journal-title":"The Carboniferous of Portugal. Mem\u00f3rias dos Servi\u00e7os Geol\u00f3gicos de Portugal"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"127","article-title":"The Carboniferous megafloras of Portugal\u2014A revision of identifications and discussion of stratigraphic ages","volume":"Volume 29","author":"Oliveira","year":"1983","journal-title":"The Carboniferous of Portugal"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1002\/gj.3086","article-title":"A new Late Pennsylvanian floral assemblage from the Douro Basin, Portugal","volume":"53","author":"Correia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geol. J."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"409","article-title":"New paleobotanical data on the Portuguese Pennsylvanian (Douro Carboniferous Basin, NW Portugal)","volume":"101","author":"Correia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comun. Geol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"402","article-title":"Carboniferous Intermontane Basins of Portugal","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Oliveira","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Geology of Iberia: A Geodynamic Approach"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113854","article-title":"Dominant roles of torrential floods and atmospheric deposition revealed by quantitative source apportionment of potentially toxic elements in agricultural soils around a historical mercury mine, Southwest China","volume":"242","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2014-0023","article-title":"Modeling the emission, transport and deposition of contaminated dust from a mine tailing site","volume":"29","author":"Stovern","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30542","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-09257-3","article-title":"Environmental risk mapping of potential abandoned uranium mine contamination on the Navajo Nation, USA, using a GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis approach","volume":"27","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsd.2022.100795","article-title":"A knowledge-driven multi-criteria decision making- Analytical Hierarchy Process based geospatial modeling for the delineation of fluoride contamination zones in groundwater, Jamui district, Indo-Gangetic alluvial plains, India","volume":"18","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Groundw. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2022, June 05). US Geological Survey, Available online: https:\/\/earthexplorer.usgs.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2022, June 05). European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel-2. Available online: https:\/\/sentinel.esa.int\/web\/sentinel\/missions\/sentinel-2."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6639-6_9","article-title":"Landsat and Thermal Infrared Imaging","volume":"Volume 17","author":"Kuenzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2022, June 06). ESRI ArcGIS Pro. Available online: https:\/\/www.esri-portugal.pt\/pt-pt\/arcgis\/produtos\/arcgis-pro\/overview."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espinha Marques, J., Martins, V., Santos, P., Ribeiro, J., Mansilha, C., Melo, A., Rocha, J.R., and Flores, D. (2021). Changes Induced by Self-Burning in Technosols from a Coal Mine Waste Pile: A Hydropedological Approach. Geosciences, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences11050195"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4056","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11580-8","article-title":"Role of temperature, wind, and precipitation in heavy metal contamination at copper mines: A review","volume":"28","author":"Punia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansilha, C., Melo, A., Flores, D., Ribeiro, J., Rocha, J.R., Martins, V., Santos, P., and Espinha Marques, J. (2021). Irrigation with Coal Mining Effluents: Sustainability and Water Quality Considerations (S\u00e3o Pedro da Cova, North Portugal). Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13162157"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2022.100347","article-title":"The potential threat of mine drainage to groundwater resources","volume":"27","author":"Tomiyama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.17221\/24\/2013-SWR","article-title":"Contamination of the soil and water environment by heavy metals in the former mining area of Rud\u0148any (Slovakia)","volume":"9","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soil Water Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2010.04.006","article-title":"Hydrogeochemical characteristics of acid mine drainage and water pollution at Makum Coalfield, India","volume":"105","author":"Tripathy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geochem. Explor."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Rouse, J.W., Haas, R.H., Schell, J.A., and Deering, D.W. (1974). Monitoring vegetation systems in the Great Plains with ERTS, 3rd ERTS Symposium."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"924511","article-title":"Deriving phenological metrics from NDVI through an open source tool developed in QGIS","volume":"Volume 9245","author":"Duarte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth Resources and Environmental Remote Sensing\/GIS Applications V, Proceedings of the SPIE REMOTE SENSING, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 22\u201325 September 2014"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.01.010","article-title":"Evaluation of the potential of MODIS satellite data to predict vegetation phenology in different biomes: An investigation using ground-based NDVI measurements","volume":"132","author":"Hmimina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0270-0255(87)90473-8","article-title":"The analytic hierarchy process\u2014What it is and how it is used","volume":"9","author":"Saaty","year":"1987","journal-title":"Math. Model."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, P.R.M., and Lima, H.M.d. (2021). A Framework for Ranking the Environmental Risk of Abandoned Mines in the State of Minas Gerais\/Brazil. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su132413874"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senouci, R., Taibi, N.-E., Teodoro, A.C., Duarte, L., Mansour, H., and Yahia Meddah, R. (2021). GIS-Based Expert Knowledge for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping (LSM): Case of Mostaganem Coast District, West of Algeria. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13020630"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snedecor, G.W., and Cochran, W.G. (1968). Statistical Methods, The Iowa State University Press. [6th ed.].","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-196809000-00018"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.5038\/1827-806X.50.2.2376","article-title":"Multi-criteria analysis for mapping susceptibility to iron formation caves development in the Gandarela mountain range (MG), southeast Brazil","volume":"50","author":"Nola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Speleol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600746456","article-title":"A survey of image classification methods and techniques for improving classification performance","volume":"28","author":"Lu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(65)90241-X","article-title":"Fuzzy Sets","volume":"8","author":"Zadeh","year":"1965","journal-title":"Inf. Control"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.10.010","article-title":"An introduction to ROC analysis","volume":"27","author":"Fawcett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/0143-148X(80)90005-1","article-title":"The quantitative impact of pH, bioproduction and Hg-contamination on the Hg-content in fish (pike)","volume":"1","year":"1980","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut. Ser. B Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2007.07.001","article-title":"Selection of coherent deposit-type locations and their application in data-driven mineral prospectivity mapping","volume":"33","author":"Carranza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2022, June 05). Esri The Image Classification Wizard. Available online: https:\/\/pro.arcgis.com\/en\/pro-app\/latest\/help\/analysis\/image-analyst\/the-image-classification-wizard.htm."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2020.100693","article-title":"Effects of land use and land cover pattern on urban temperature variations: A case study in Hong Kong","volume":"34","author":"Siqi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban Clim."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nedd, R., Light, K., Owens, M., James, N., Johnson, E., and Anandhi, A. (2021). A Synthesis of Land Use\/Land Cover Studies: Definitions, Classification Systems, Meta-Studies, Challenges and Knowledge Gaps on a Global Landscape. Land, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/land10090994"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3846\/jeelm.2018.5378","article-title":"Analysis of the spatiotemporally varying effects of urban spatial patterns on land surface temperatures","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng. Landsc. Manag."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3445","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2017.1295485","article-title":"Impacts of land use and socioeconomic patterns on urban heat island","volume":"38","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravanelli, R., Nascetti, A., Cirigliano, R.V., Di Rico, C., Leuzzi, G., Monti, P., and Crespi, M. (2018). Monitoring the impact of land cover change on surface urban heat island through Google Earth Engine: Proposal of a global methodology, first applications and problems. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10091488"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, H., Benevides, P., Moreira, F.D., Moraes, D., and Caetano, M. (2022). Spatially Stratified and Multi-Stage Approach for National Land Cover Mapping Based on Sentinel-2 Data and Expert Knowledge. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14081865"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"(2022, June 05). PostGIS. Available online: https:\/\/postgis.net\/."}],"container-title":["Geosciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3263\/12\/10\/352\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:36:25Z","timestamp":1760142985000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3263\/12\/10\/352"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["geosciences12100352"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/geosciences12100352","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]}}}