{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T16:01:01Z","timestamp":1774886461344,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geosciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Floods are natural disasters that often impact communities living in low-lying areas in the northern and central parts of Morocco. In this study, our aim was to create a flood susceptibility map using three methods; the hierarchy process (AHP) frequency ratio model (FR) and the weights of evidence (WoE) model. We extensively examined the area identified by these approaches using a hydraulic analysis software called HEC-RAS (version 6.3.1). Our analysis focused on the Essaouira watersheds in Morocco, where we identified around 197 flood locations. Out of these, we randomly selected 70% for modeling purposes while the remaining 30% were used for validation. Ten factors that influence floods were considered, such as slope, elevation, proximity to rivers, drainage density, stream order, land use patterns, rainfall data, lithology (permeability level) index (TWI), and curvature. We obtained these factors from data sources. Finally, we generated a flood susceptibility map and evaluated its accuracy by calculating the area under the curve (AUC). The validation results confirmed that all three models were robust and effective with an AUC of 90. Moreover, the research uncovered a trend of vulnerability with the most susceptible area being in close proximity to the city of Essaouira along the Oued Ksob. A detailed analysis using HEC-RAS was conducted at this identified location, pinpointing the village of Diabat as highly exposed. These findings hold significance for flood management, empowering decision makers, scholars, and urban planners to make informed choices and implement strategies that can minimize the impact of floods in susceptible regions while minimizing potential damages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences13120382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T04:14:42Z","timestamp":1702440882000},"page":"382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Flood Susceptibility Assessment through Statistical Models and HEC-RAS Analysis for Sustainable Management in Essaouira Province, Morocco"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4514-5281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdellah","family":"Khouz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographical Studies, Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Lisbon, 1600-276 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Terra, University of Lisbon, 1600-276 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Sciences and Technology, Universidade Aberta, 1600-214 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Sciences for the Environment and Sustainable Development (SAEDD), Higher School of Technology Essaouira, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5610-5942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Trindade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographical Studies, Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Lisbon, 1600-276 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Terra, University of Lisbon, 1600-276 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Sciences and Technology, Universidade Aberta, 1600-214 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9785-0180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Pinto","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographical Studies, Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Lisbon, 1600-276 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Terra, University of Lisbon, 1600-276 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0883-8564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9rgio C.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographical Studies, Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Lisbon, 1600-276 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Terra, University of Lisbon, 1600-276 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"El Bchari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Safi, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Blaid","family":"Bougadir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Sciences for the Environment and Sustainable Development (SAEDD), Higher School of Technology Essaouira, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1036-6271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo A. C.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographical Studies, Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Lisbon, 1600-276 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Terra, University of Lisbon, 1600-276 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eus\u00e9bio","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographical Studies, Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Lisbon, 1600-276 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Terra, University of Lisbon, 1600-276 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mourad","family":"Jadoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences El Jadida, Geosciences and Environmental Techniques Laboratory, Choua\u00efb Doukkali University, El Jadida 24000, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Tarik","family":"Saouabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georessources, Geoenvironment and Civil Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Said","family":"Rachidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Analysis, Information Processing and Industrial Management Laboratory (LASTIMI), High School of Technology Sal\u00e9, Mohammadia School of Engineers (EMI), Mohamed V University, Rabat 8007, Morocco"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2010.03.021","article-title":"Flash Flood Prediction Using an Uncalibrated Hydrological Model and Radar Rainfall Data in a Mediterranean Watershed under Changing Hydrological Conditions","volume":"394","author":"Rozalis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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