{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T06:55:35Z","timestamp":1773212135917,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Unit","award":["UIDB\/04035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04035"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geosciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil provides essential ecosystem services and is pivotal for achieving multiple United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals amid growing population pressures and resource demands. In arid to semi-arid regions such as Maio Island (Cape Verde), nutrient-poor soils and unsustainable land-use practices increase agricultural vulnerability, while volcanic geochemistry introduces elements that are not human friendly, further challenging environmental quality and long-term sustainability. Assessing soil (physical\u2013chemical\u2013biological) condition is therefore crucial for informed environmental and land-use planning. Here, Maio\u2019s topsoil was evaluated using protocols adapted from Santiago, the largest Cape Verdean island. Estimated Background Values (EBVs) indicated naturally elevated V, Cr, Ni, Co, and Cu concentrations, consistent with mafic volcanic terrains. Robust Principal Component Analysis (rPCA) revealed geochemical groupings linked to volcanic\u2013sedimentary units, with the dominant component (PC1) defined by Co\u2013V\u2013Cu\u2013Mn\u2013Ni versus As\u2013Cd. Environmental Risk Indices (ERIs) and Multi-Element ERIs (ME\u2013ERIs) quantified elemental enrichment relative to international land-use standards (residential and agricultural) and subsequently to Maio\u2019s EBVs. The highest exceedances were observed for Cr, Co, Ni, V, and Cu, whereas As, Cd, Hg, Pb, and Zn fell within thresholds. The EBV-based assessment identified fewer exceedances than stricter international guidelines, though a few multi-element \u201chotspots\u201d persist, highlighting potential land-use constraints and the need for preventive management. Overall, the integrated EBV\/ERI\/ME\u2013ERI framework establishes an environmental geochemical baseline for Maio and offers a screening tool applicable across the entire archipelago.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences16030109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T11:05:44Z","timestamp":1772795144000},"page":"109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Topsoil Geochemistry and Land-Use-Related Metal(loid) Risks on Maio Island, Cape Verde"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Filipa","family":"Moreno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6908-1596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina Cabral","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Centre\/Departamento de Geoci\u00eancias, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Geosciences of Timor-Leste, Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, Government of Timor-Leste, CITTY 8 Building,  CBD, 2nd floor, Rua Has Laran, Manleuana, Dili, Timor-Leste"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7164-5525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orqu\u00eddia","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente (CERENA), Departamento de Engenharia de Recursos Minerais e Energ\u00e9ticos (DER), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4466-0279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosana","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Centre\/Departamento de Geoci\u00eancias, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2018.01.030","article-title":"Soil quality\u2014A critical review","volume":"120","author":"Bongiorno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Cherlet, M., Hutchinson, C., Reynolds, J., Hill, J., Sommer, S., and von Maltitz, G. (2018). World Atlas of Desertification, Publication Office of the European Union. Available online: https:\/\/wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"UNESCO (2025, December 02). 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