{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T14:36:31Z","timestamp":1764858991604,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,8]],"date-time":"2017-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geosciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Setubal municipality, Portugal, has diversified land use along its coastline (mostly located in a low-lying area): on the west there are beaches; the centre is dominated by a densely populated downtown; and the east has an important industrial area. Although the seismic activity in mainland Portugal is moderate, considering the variety of exposed elements, the objectives of this study are to present and discuss the implementation of tsunami evacuation maps at Setubal municipality. Thus, tsunami numerical modelling was carried out by considering the 1969 tsunami and the 1755 tsunami scenarios. The model results show that the first tsunami wave arrived within 30\u201340 min of the earthquake. The inundation depth was up to 9 m at the beaches, 4.9 m downtown, and 4.0 m in the industrial area. These velocities are too dangerous if beach users are caught by the tsunami waves, even in a moderate scenario. Therefore, coastal communities must evacuate the inundated zones to high ground before the arrival of the first tsunami wave. For this reason, tsunami evacuation maps were created, indicating the quickest and safest routes to the meeting points, located on high ground and outside of the inundation zones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences7040116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,8]],"date-time":"2017-11-08T12:38:48Z","timestamp":1510144728000},"page":"116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Implementation of Tsunami Evacuation Maps at Setubal Municipality, Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9182-7331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographical Studies, Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, Universidade de Lisboa, Rua Branca Edm\u00e9e Marques, 1600-276 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8294-240X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographical Studies, Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, Universidade de Lisboa, Rua Branca Edm\u00e9e Marques, 1600-276 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6843-6861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Queir\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographical Studies, Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, Universidade de Lisboa, Rua Branca Edm\u00e9e Marques, 1600-276 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Z\u00eazere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographical Studies, Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, Universidade de Lisboa, Rua Branca Edm\u00e9e Marques, 1600-276 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Bucho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Municipal Service of Civil Protection and Firefighters of Setubal (SMPCB), Estrada de Algeruz, 2910-279 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"The Historical Review of the 1755 Lisbon Tsunami","volume":"1","author":"Santos","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geodesy Geomat. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2017, September 08). Institute of Conservation of Nature and Forests. Available online: http:\/\/www.icnf.pt\/portal\/ap."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Zezere, J.L., Neves, M., Reis, E., Fonseca, N., Pereira, S., and Santos, A. (2012). Delimitation of the National Ecological Reserve, Version 2, IGOT, Lisbon University. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Zezere, J.L., Neves, M., Reis, E., Fonseca, N., Pereira, S., Santos, A., Lopes, A., and Correia, E. (2012). Evaluation and Cartography of the Natural, Mix and Technological Risk at Setubal Municipality, IGOT, Lisbon University. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"137","article-title":"Contribution to the knowledge of the geomorphology of the Arrabida chain (Portugal): Geomorphological mapping and geomorphometry","volume":"16","author":"Fonseca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Geomorfol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Statistics Portugal (2017, September 08). Census 2011. Available online: https:\/\/www.ine.pt\/xportal\/xmain?xpgid=ine_main&xpid=INE."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Setubal City Hall (2010). Municipal Plan Intervention on the Historical Center, (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Parrulas, J., Tome, M., and Santos, A. (2017). Municipal Emergency Plan\u2014Drill to Evacuate Population at the Albarquel Park\u2014Operational Guide, (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Santos, A., Bucho, J.L., and Queir\u00f3s, M. (2017, January 30\u201331). World tsunami awareness day at Setubal. Proceedings of the International Conference Risks, Security and Citizenship, Setubal, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Caramelo, A., Cornaglia, G., Bucho, J., Macedo, M., Isabel, S., Pires, P., and Sacadura, P. (2011). Risk Chart of the Mitrena Peninsula National, (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"SMPCB (2012). MITREX Exercise, (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2015.1065292","article-title":"Numerical modelling and evacuation strategies for tsunami awareness: Lessons from the 2012 Haida Gwaii Tsunami","volume":"7","author":"Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"15","article-title":"Fire and seismic risk perception at Lisbon University\u2014Faculty of Letters","volume":"27","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Territorium"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beno\u00eet Otjacques, B., Hitzelberger, P., Naumann, S., and Wohlgemuth, V. (2018). Evacuation exercises and simulations toward improving safety at public buildings. From Science to Society, Progress in IS, Springer International Publishing AG.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-65687-8"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Carvalho, L., Freitas, A., Rocha, C., and Farinha, A. (2015). The importance of awareness regarding seismic risk reduction in the municipality of Amadora. The 1755 Lisbon Earthquake: What Have We Learned, Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Committee on the Review of the Tsunami Warning and Forecast System and Overview of the Nation\u2019s Tsunami Preparedness, Ocean Studies Board, and Division on Earth and Life Studies (2011). Tsunami Warning and Preparedness: An Assessment of the U.S. Tsunami Program and the Nation\u2019s Preparedness Efforts, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"International Olympic Committee (IOC) (2015). Tsunami Risk Assessment and Mitigation for the Indian Ocean; Knowing Your Tsunami Risk\u2014And What to Do about It, IOC Manuals and Guides, No. 52, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-9-1509-2009","article-title":"\u201cLast-Mile\u201d preparation for a potential disaster\u2014Interdisciplinary approach towards tsunami early warning and an evacuation information system for the coastal city of Padang, Indonesia","volume":"9","author":"Goseberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40623-016-0507-0","article-title":"A new GIS-based tsunami risk evaluation: MeTHuVA (METU tsunami human vulnerability assessment) at Yenikap\u0131, Istanbul","volume":"68","author":"Cankaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth Planets Space"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction UNISDR (2015). Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015\u20132030, UNISDR."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-13-1-2013","article-title":"Tsunamigenic earthquakes in the Gulf of Cadiz: Fault model and recurrence","volume":"13","author":"Matias","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soildyn.2008.07.006","article-title":"Loss estimation in Istanbul based on deterministic earthquake scenarios of the Marmara Sea region (Turkey)","volume":"69","author":"Ansal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Poljan\u0161ek, K., Marin Ferrer, M., De Groeve, T., and Clark, I. (2017). Science for Disaster Risk Management 2017: Knowing Better and Losing Less, Publications Office of the European Union. EUR 28034 EN."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Santos, A. (2008). Tsunami Hazard Assessment in Portugal by the Worst Case Scenario: The November 1st, 1755 Lisbon Tsunami. [Ph.D. Thesis, Tohoku University]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1785\/gssrl.81.3.534","article-title":"The April 23 1909 Benavente (Portugal) M 6.3 Earthquake","volume":"81","author":"Fonseca","year":"2010","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Santos, A. (2001). Modeling the Tsunami Run-up Generated by the 1722 Earthquake in Tavira. [Ph.D. Thesis, Lisbon University]. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Sa, L., Pires, P., Henriques, P., and Telhado, M.J. (2015). Contributions to the development of a national simulator for seismic risk. The 1755 Lisbon Earthquake: What Have We Learned, Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2007.03571.x","article-title":"Simulations of strong ground motion in SW Iberia for the 1969 February 28 (Ms = 8.0) and the 1755 November 1 (Ms = 8.5) earthquakes\u2014II. Strong ground motion simulations","volume":"171","author":"Grandin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Martins, I., and Victor, L. (1990). Contribution for the Study of Seismicity in Portugal Mainland."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2016.12.016","article-title":"The 2016 Fukushima earthquake and tsunami: Local tsunami behavior and recommendations for tsunami disaster risk reduction","volume":"21","author":"Suppasri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Sousa, L. (1932). The Earthquake of the November 1, 1755 and a Demographic Study, (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"73","article-title":"The identification of tsunami deposits in coastal sediment sequences","volume":"9","author":"Dawson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sci. Tsunami Hazards"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3290160407","article-title":"High energy coastal sedimentary deposits; an evaluation of depositional processes in Southwest England","volume":"16","author":"Foster","year":"1991","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-3791(00)00042-1","article-title":"Scilly Isles, UK: Optical dating of a possible tsunami deposit from the 1755 Lisbon earthquake","volume":"20","author":"Banerjee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1996.tb05294.x","article-title":"Seismic Moment Assessment of Earthquakes in Stable Continental Regions\u2013III. New Madrid 1811\u20131812, Charleston 1886 and Lisbon 1755","volume":"126","author":"Johnston","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"856","article-title":"Late Quaternary Turbidite Emplacement on the Horseshoe Abyssal Plain (Iberian Margin)","volume":"67","author":"Lebreiro","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Sediment. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0037-0738(94)90079-5","article-title":"An AMS radiocarbon method to determine the emplacement time of recent deep-sea turbidites","volume":"89","author":"Thomson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sediment. Geol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.20965\/jdr.2009.p0041","article-title":"The 1755 Lisbon Tsunami: Tsunami source determination and its validation","volume":"4","author":"Santos","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Disaster Res."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Correia, T.P., Henriques, V., and Juli\u00e3o, V.R.P. (2013). Tsunami Hazards at Setubal urban area considering the 1755 Lisbon Tsunami. Proceedings of the IX Portuguese Congress of Geography, Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa de Ge\u00f3grafos."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Santos, A., Pereira, S., Fonseca, N., Paix\u00e3o, R., and Andrade, F. (2015). Tsunami risk assessment in the Peniche and Lourinha municipalities. The 1755 Lisbon Earthquake: What Have We Learned, Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.20965\/jdr.2015.p1067","article-title":"The 1755 Lisbon Tsunami at Vila do Bispo municipality, Portugal","volume":"10","author":"Santos","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Disaster Res."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Costa, P., Quin, D., and Garcia, R. (July, January 30). Tsunami Risk Assessment at Albufeira Downtown, Portugal. Proceedings of the ICUR 2016, Lisbon, Portuga."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0750041135","article-title":"Surface Deformation due to Shear and Tensile Faults in a Half Space","volume":"75","author":"Okada","year":"1985","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Imamura, F. (1995). Review of tsunami simulation with a finite difference method. Long-Wave Runup Models, World Scientific."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1142\/S0578563409002004","article-title":"Developing Fragility Functions for Tsunami Damage Estimation Using Numerical Model and Post-tsunami Data from Banda Aceh Indonesia","volume":"51","author":"Koshimura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Coast. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2017, September 08). GEBCO Digital Atlas, General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans, BODC. Available online: https:\/\/www.gebco.net\/."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Hydrographic Institute (2017, September 08). International Bathymetric Chart of the Central and Eastern Atlantic, Sheet 1.01, Available online: https:\/\/www.ngdc.noaa.gov\/mgg\/ibcea\/."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Hydrographic Institute (2017, September 08). Bathymetry Charts No. 24204, No. 26308, No. 26309. Available online: http:\/\/eurogoos.eu\/locations\/hydrographic-institute-of-portugal\/."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Geographic Institute of the Army (IGeoE) (2017, September 08). Charts No. 454, No. 455, No. 465, No. 466. Available online: https:\/\/www.igeoe.pt\/index.php?id=1."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112009992485","article-title":"Analytical solutions for tsunami runup on a plane beach: Single waves, N-waves and transient waves","volume":"645","author":"Madsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2016, October 25). International Tsunami Information Center. Available online: www.ioc-unseco.org."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2014.08.009","article-title":"Comparative tsunami vulnerability assessment of an urban area: An analysis of Setubal city, Portugal","volume":"55","author":"Santos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeh, H., Barbosa, A.R., Ko, H., and Cawley, J.G. (2014, January 15\u201320). Tsunami loadings on structures: Review and analysis. Proceedings of the 34th Conference on Coastal Engineering, Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.9753\/icce.v34.currents.4"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Maritime National Authority (2017, September 02). Rock Fall of a Cliff in Setubal Does Not Cause Victims. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Daily Journal Correio da Manh\u00e3 (2017). Rockfall on the Cliff of the Serra da Arrabida, Daily Journal Correio da Manh\u00e3. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Committee on National Earthquake Resilience\u2014Research, Implementation, and Outreach, Committee on Seismology and Geodynamics, Board on Earth Sciences and Resources, and Division on Earth and Life Studies (2011). National Earthquake Resilience\u2014Research, Implementation, and Outreach, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2017, February 14). Portuguese Environment Agency. Available online: http:\/\/qualar.apambiente.pt\/."}],"container-title":["Geosciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3263\/7\/4\/116\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:48:35Z","timestamp":1760208515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3263\/7\/4\/116"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,8]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["geosciences7040116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/geosciences7040116","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3263"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-3263"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,8]]}}}