{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T21:15:30Z","timestamp":1769202930356,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geotechnics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Internal erosion is a significant issue caused by water flow within soils, resulting in structural collapse of hydraulic structures, particularly in coarse soils located near rivers. These soils typically exhibit granulometric instability due to low clay content, resulting in poor hydraulic and mechanical properties. To mitigate this problem, cement treatment is applied as an alternative to soil removal, reducing transportation and storage costs. The hole erosion test (HET) and Crumbs tests, shearing behaviour through consolidated undrained (CU) triaxial, and microstructure analyses regarding scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury intrusion porosimeter (MIP) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were conducted for untreated and treated coarse soil specimens with varying cement contents (1%, 2%, and 3%) and curing durations (1, 7, and 28 days). The findings indicate a reduction in the loss of eroded particles and overall stability of treated soils, along with an improvement in mechanical properties. SEM observations reveal the development of hydration gel after treatment, which enhances cohesion within the soil matrix, corroborated by TGA analyses. MIP reveals the formation of a new class of pores, accompanied by a reduction in dry density. This study demonstrates that low cement addition can transform locally unsuitable soils into durable construction materials, reducing environmental impact and supporting sustainable development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/geotechnics5030062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T10:55:37Z","timestamp":1756983337000},"page":"62","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Erosion, Mechanical and Microstructural Evolution of Cement Stabilized Coarse Soil for Embankments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Adel","family":"Belmana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Research Laboratory (LRGC), Civil Engineering and Hydraulics Department, University of Biskra, BP 145, Biskra 07000, Algeria"},{"name":"Civil Engineering and Architecture Department, University of Beira Interior, GeoBioTec, Cal\u00e7ada Fonte do Lameiro 6, 6200-358 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9266-2938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Cavaleiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering and Architecture Department, University of Beira Interior, GeoBioTec, Cal\u00e7ada Fonte do Lameiro 6, 6200-358 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mekki","family":"Mellas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Research Laboratory (LRGC), Civil Engineering and Hydraulics Department, University of Biskra, BP 145, Biskra 07000, Algeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5245-2445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Andrade Pais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering and Architecture Department, University of Beira Interior, GeoBioTec, Cal\u00e7ada Fonte do Lameiro 6, 6200-358 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1028-4655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo A. S.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering and Architecture Department, University of Beira Interior, GeoBioTec, Cal\u00e7ada Fonte do Lameiro 6, 6200-358 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering and Architecture Department, University of Beira Interior, GeoBioTec, Cal\u00e7ada Fonte do Lameiro 6, 6200-358 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3895-1672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Vitoria","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering and Architecture Department, University of Beira Interior, GeoBioTec, Cal\u00e7ada Fonte do Lameiro 6, 6200-358 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Studart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering and Architecture Department, University of Beira Interior, GeoBioTec, Cal\u00e7ada Fonte do Lameiro 6, 6200-358 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8825-2162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Marchiori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering and Architecture Department, University of Beira Interior, GeoBioTec, Cal\u00e7ada Fonte do Lameiro 6, 6200-358 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s41062-019-0229-9","article-title":"Hydraulic failures of earthen dams and embankments","volume":"4","author":"Talukdar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Innov. 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