{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T03:04:48Z","timestamp":1760151888503,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["FCT UID\/DTP\/00617\/2020","LA\/P\/0064\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT UID\/DTP\/00617\/2020","LA\/P\/0064\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geriatrics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sarcopenia is a well-known highly prevalent muscle disease that severely impairs overall physical performance in elders, inducing a massive health-related economic burden. The widespread screening, diagnosis and treatment of sarcopenia are pivotal to restrain the disease progression and constrain its societal impact. Simple-to-use, portable, and reliable methods to evaluate sarcopenia are scarce, and sarcopenia-related assessments are typically done in several time-consuming stages. This study presents a portable digital system that enables a simple and intuitive method to evaluate sarcopenia\u2014based on the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2) algorithm\u2014including the four Find-Assess-Confirm-Severity (FACS) steps. The system comprises a mobile application (app); two wireless devices: a dynamometer (Gripwise) and a skinfold caliper (Lipowise); and a back-end website. To find cases, the SARC-F questionnaire is applied. To assess sarcopenia, the handgrip strength and the sit-to-stand tests are performed with the Gripwise and an application-embedded stopwatch, respectively. To confirm cases, anthropometric measures are performed, and muscle quantity is estimated with Lipowise. Finally, to assess severity, the app stopwatch grants the gait speed test application, evaluating physical performance. This step-by-step sarcopenia assessment results in a final grading according to the cut-off points of the EWGSOP2 criteria. All data is automatically encrypted and exported into a GDPR-compliant cloud platform, in which healthcare professionals can access and monitor their patients through the internet.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics7060121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T22:00:27Z","timestamp":1666735227000},"page":"121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Portable Digital Monitoring System for Sarcopenia Screening and Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1696-2111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sports, Lus\u00f3fona University of Porto, 4000-098 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Education and Development (CeiED), Lus\u00f3fona University of Lisbon, 1700-284 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4960-320 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7988-968X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucim\u00e9re","family":"Bohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sports, Lus\u00f3fona University of Porto, 4000-098 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Education and Development (CeiED), Lus\u00f3fona University of Lisbon, 1700-284 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Pedro","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sports, Lus\u00f3fona University of Porto, 4000-098 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Education and Development (CeiED), Lus\u00f3fona University of Lisbon, 1700-284 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Marques-Aleixo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sports, Lus\u00f3fona University of Porto, 4000-098 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Education and Development (CeiED), Lus\u00f3fona University of Lisbon, 1700-284 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000621","article-title":"Defining sarcopenia: Some caveats and challenges","volume":"23","author":"Marco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12651","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Prevalence, associated factors, and the risk of mortality and disability in Japanese older adults","volume":"12","author":"Kitamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12193","article-title":"Epidemiology of sarcopenia among community-dwelling older adults in Taiwan: A pooled analysis for a broader adoption of sarcopenia assessments","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00246.2003","article-title":"Age-associated changes in skeletal muscles and their effect on mobility: An operational diagnosis of sarcopenia","volume":"95","author":"Lauretani","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2018.07.014","article-title":"Stages of sarcopenia and the incidence of falls in older women: A prospective study","volume":"79","author":"Gadelha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2016.73","article-title":"Financial impact of sarcopenia on hospitalization costs","volume":"70","author":"Sousa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12147","article-title":"Welcome to the ICD-10 code for sarcopenia","volume":"7","author":"Anker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034","article-title":"Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People","volume":"39","author":"Baeyens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.11.025","article-title":"Sarcopenia in Asia: Consensus Report of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Bahat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.3.796","article-title":"Total-body skeletal muscle mass: Development and cross-validation of anthropometric prediction models","volume":"72","author":"Valensise","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12048","article-title":"SARC-F: A symptom score to predict persons with sarcopenia at risk for poor functional outcomes","volume":"7","author":"Malmstrom","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afr051","article-title":"A review of the measurement of grip strength in clinical and epidemiological studies: Towards a standardised approach","volume":"40","author":"Roberts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.02126.x","article-title":"Added Value of Physical Performance Measures in Predicting Adverse Health-Related Events: Results from the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study","volume":"57","author":"Cesari","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beaudart, C., McCloskey, E., Bruy\u00e8re, O., Cesari, M., Rolland, Y., Rizzoli, R., Araujo De Carvalho, I., Amuthavalli Thiyagarajan, J., Bautmans, I., and Berti\u00e8re, M.-C. (2016). Sarcopenia in daily practice: Assessment and management. BMC Geriatr., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-016-0349-4"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12268","article-title":"Pitfalls in the measurement of muscle mass: A need for a reference standard","volume":"9","author":"Buckinx","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2016.015","article-title":"Differences among skeletal muscle mass indices derived from height-, weight-, and body mass index-adjusted models in assessing sarcopenia","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303.e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.11.018","article-title":"Identifying Sarcopenia in Acute Care Setting Patients","volume":"15","author":"Rossi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Med Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.07.013","article-title":"Calf circumference, frailty and physical performance among older adults living in the community","volume":"33","author":"Landi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M221","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/55.4.M221","article-title":"Lower Extremity Function and Subsequent Disability: Consistency Across Studies, Predictive Models, and Value of Gait Speed Alone Compared With the Short Physical Performance Battery","volume":"55","author":"Guralnik","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3109\/09593985.2011.601804","article-title":"Investigation into the reliability and validity of the measurement of elderly people\u2019s clinical walking speed: A systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Rydwik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiother. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x","article-title":"The Timed \u201cUp & Go\u201d: A Test of Basic Functional Mobility for Frail Elderly Persons","volume":"39","author":"Podsiadlo","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2009.0853","article-title":"Characteristics of 400-Meter Walk Test Performance and Subsequent Mortality in Older Adults","volume":"12","author":"Vestergaard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20956","article-title":"Ethnicity-related skeletal muscle differences across the lifespan","volume":"22","author":"Silva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.2019-0211","article-title":"Validation of a Multielectrode Bioelectrical Impedance Analyzer With a Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometer for the Assessment of Body Composition in Older Adults","volume":"28","author":"Meier","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Aging Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2022.01.027","article-title":"Screening, diagnosis and monitoring of sarcopenia: When to use which tool?","volume":"48","author":"Ackermans","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-019-1222-x","article-title":"SARC-F Validation and SARC-F+EBM Derivation in Musculoskeletal Disease: The SPSS-OK Study","volume":"23","author":"Kurita","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14464","article-title":"Utility of SARC-F in daycare facilities for older people","volume":"22","author":"Kera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1159\/000516117","article-title":"SARC-F Is Inaccurate to Identify Geriatric Rehabilitation Inpatients at Risk for Sarcopenia: RESORT","volume":"68","author":"Dedeyne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12197","article-title":"Development of a simple screening test for sarcopenia in older adults","volume":"14","author":"Ishii","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urbano, D., Restivo, M., Amaral, T., Abreu, P., and Chousal, M. (2020). An Attempt to Identify Meaningful Descriptors of Handgrip Strength Using a Novel Prototype: Preliminary Study. Information, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/info11120546"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001666","article-title":"Comparison of Jamar and Bodygrip Dynamometers for Handgrip Strength Measurement","volume":"31","author":"Guerra","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.12.003","article-title":"Validity of various portable devices to measure sit-to-stand velocity and power in older adults","volume":"76","author":"Orange","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510003727","article-title":"Accuracy of a digital skinfold system for measuring skinfold thickness and estimating body fat","volume":"105","author":"Amaral","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.3.796","article-title":"Total-body skeletal muscle mass: Development and cross-validation of anthropometric prediction models","volume":"72","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu010","article-title":"The FNIH Sarcopenia Project: Rationale, Study Description, Conference Recommendations, and Final Estimates","volume":"69","author":"Studenski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-013-9830-7","article-title":"Total and Appendicular Lean Mass Reference Ranges for Australian Men and Women: The Geelong Osteoporosis Study","volume":"94","author":"Gould","year":"2014","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.12.2775","article-title":"Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Is a Valid Tool for Assessing Skeletal Muscle Mass in Older Women","volume":"137","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab029","article-title":"Calf circumference: Cutoff values from the NHANES 1999\u20132006","volume":"113","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12377","article-title":"Calf circumference as a surrogate marker of muscle mass for diagnosing sarcopenia in Japanese men and women","volume":"15","author":"Kawakami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14025","article-title":"Cut-offs for calf circumference as a screening tool for low muscle mass: WASEDA\u2019S Health Study","volume":"20","author":"Kawakami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Addante, F., Gaetani, F., Patrono, L., Sancarlo, D., Sergi, I., and Vergari, G. (2019). An Innovative AAL System Based on IoT Technologies for Patients with Sarcopenia. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19224951"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y.-J., Kim, S., and Choi, J. (2020). Sarcopenia Detection System Using RGB-D Camera and Ultrasound Probe: System Development and Preclinical In-Vitro Test. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20164447"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1136\/flgastro-2019-101348","article-title":"Getting to grips with sarcopenia: Recent advances and practical management for the gastroenterologist","volume":"12","author":"Hollingworth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leone, A., Rescio, G., Manni, A., Siciliano, P., and Caroppo, A. (2022). Comparative Analysis of Supervised Classifiers for the Evaluation of Sarcopenia Using a sEMG-Based Platform. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22072721"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-016-0717-0","article-title":"Measurement of muscle mass in sarcopenia: From imaging to biochemical markers","volume":"29","author":"Tosato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."}],"container-title":["Geriatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3417\/7\/6\/121\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:02:32Z","timestamp":1760144552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3417\/7\/6\/121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["geriatrics7060121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/geriatrics7060121","relation":{},"ISSN":["2308-3417"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2308-3417"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]}}}