{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T23:19:50Z","timestamp":1776122390054,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Healthcare"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the number one cause of death globally and are partially due to the inability to control modifiable lifestyle risk factors. The aim of this study was to analyze the profiles of adolescents from seven Mediterranean countries (Greece, Israel, Italy, Macedonia, Malta, Portugal, Spain) according to their modifiable lifestyle risk factors for CVD (overweight\/obesity, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption). The sample consisted of 26,110 adolescents (52.3% girls) aged 11, 13, and 15 years who participated in the Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey in 2018 across the seven countries. Sociodemographic characteristics (sex, age, country of residence, socioeconomic status) and CVD modifiable lifestyle risk factors (overweight\/obesity, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption) were recorded. A two-step cluster analysis, one-way analysis of variance, and chi-square test were performed. Four different cluster groups were identified: two low-risk groups (64.46%), with risk among those with low physical activity levels; moderate-risk group (14.83%), with two risk factors (unhealthy weight and low physical activity level); and a high-risk group (20.7%), which presented risk in all modifiable lifestyle risk factors. Older adolescents reported a higher likelihood of being in the high-risk group. Given that the adolescence period constitutes an important time for interventions aimed at CVD prevention, identifying profiles of moderate- and high-risk adolescents is crucial.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10020268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T23:02:06Z","timestamp":1643497326000},"page":"268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Identifying Cardiovascular Risk Profiles Clusters among Mediterranean Adolescents across Seven Countries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6070-6193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riki","family":"Tesler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Systems Management, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 4076405, Israel"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Barak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Gerontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheeva 8855630, Israel"}]},{"given":"Orna","family":"Reges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Systems Management, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 4076405, Israel"}]},{"given":"Concepci\u00f3n","family":"Moreno-Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Sevilla, 41004 Sevilla, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6925-8398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rotem","family":"Maor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel"}]},{"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Medicine Center\u2014CENC, 1070-068 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Sa\u00fade Ambiental (ISAMB), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Nova Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1160-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Oya","family":"Ercan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Pediatric Endocrinology and Adolescent, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34452, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Yael","family":"Sela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social & Community Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Heffer 4025000, Israel"}]},{"given":"Gizell","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Ariel University, Ariel 4076405, Israel"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1849-7206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Avi","family":"Zigdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Systems Management, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 4076405, Israel"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9850-7771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adilson","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5461-7706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwok","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Activity for Health Research Cluster, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland"},{"name":"School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Eastern Finland, 80100 Joensuu, Finland"}]},{"given":"Yossi","family":"Harel-Fisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Olvera Lopez, E., Ballard, B.D., and Jan, A. 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