{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T22:29:27Z","timestamp":1775946567918,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Healthcare"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Age-related decreases in muscle function lead to disabilities and are associated with negative health outcomes in older people. Although several physical tests can be used to assess physical performance, muscle strength, and power, their interpretation can be hampered by the ceiling effect of some of them. The aim of this study was to assess whether vertical jump tests are safe in terms of physical integrity and whether they are useful in assessing physical performance in forty-one robust older women. The investigation entailed an assessment of anthropometric characteristics, physical functioning tests (Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), sit-to-up 5 times and sit-to-up 30 s, gait speed, time-up-to-go test (TUGT)), and tests evaluating muscle strength and power (handgrip, lower limb isokinetic tests, and vertical jumping tests). Significant negative correlations were found between vertical jumping tests and BMI, body fat percentage, sit-to-up 5 times and TUGT. In addition, significant positive correlations were observed between vertical jumping tests and SPPB, gait speed, handgrip, and concentric isokinetic tests of knee muscles. No adverse events in volunteers\u2019 physical integrity were reported during and after the performance of all physical tests. Thus, the study results showed that vertical jumping tests are safe and accurate for assessing physical performance and are useful for monitoring age-related loss of muscle performance in robust older women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10020323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T01:03:40Z","timestamp":1644368620000},"page":"323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Vertical Jump Tests: A Safe Instrument to Improve the Accuracy of the Functional Capacity Assessment in Robust Older Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5822-7791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos A. F.","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04020-050, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Health Science Applied to Sports and Physical Activity, Paulista School of Medicine (EPM), Sao Paulo 04022-001, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Gislene R.","family":"Amirato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mane Garrincha Sports Education Center, Sports Department of the Municipality of Sao Paulo (SEME), Sao Paulo 04039-034, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1977-5880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro F.","family":"Jacinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04020-050, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04039-002, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5366-858X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana V.","family":"Pedrosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, (FCDEF-UC), University of Coimbra, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2474-7021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Caldo-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, (FCDEF-UC), University of Coimbra, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6522-7594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio R.","family":"Sampaio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N2i, Polytechnic Institute of Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Pimenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N2i, Polytechnic Institute of Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0527-0723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana M. B.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduation Program in Science of Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos 11015-020, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Pochini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Health Science Applied to Sports and Physical Activity, Paulista School of Medicine (EPM), Sao Paulo 04022-001, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8266-1416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 L. L.","family":"Bachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), Sao Paulo 04829-300, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/JES.0b013e31823b5f13","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle Power: A Critical Determinant of Physical Functioning in Older Adults","volume":"40","author":"Reid","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1978.tb06187.x","article-title":"Histochemical and Biochemical Changes in Human Skeletal Muscle with Age in Sedentary Males, Age 22\u201365 Years","volume":"103","author":"Larsson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00246.2003","article-title":"Age-Associated Changes in Skeletal Muscles and Their Effect on Mobility: An Operational Diagnosis of Sarcopenia","volume":"95","author":"Lauretani","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu006","article-title":"Lifelong Physical Exercise Delays Age-Associated Skeletal Muscle Decline","volume":"70","author":"Zampieri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glr010","article-title":"Dynapenia and Aging: An Update","volume":"67","author":"Manini","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biomed. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146","article-title":"Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Frailty in Older Adults: Evidence for a Phenotype","volume":"56","author":"Fried","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afu115","article-title":"Prevalence of and Interventions for Sarcopenia in Ageing Adults: A Systematic Review. Report of the International Sarcopenia Initiative (Ewgsop and Iwgs)","volume":"43","author":"Landi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"WHO (2019, January 21\u201322). WHO Clinical Consortium on Healthy Ageing 2019. Proceedings of the Report of Consortium Meeting, Geneva, Switzerland. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/PUBLICATIONS\/I\/ITEM\/9789240009752."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2020.1014","article-title":"Covid-19 and Acute Sarcopenia","volume":"11","author":"Welch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12589","article-title":"Covid-19: A Major Cause of Cachexia and Sarcopenia?","volume":"11","author":"Morley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2012.10.009","article-title":"Validity and Reliability of Tools to Measure Muscle Mass, Strength, and Physical Performance in Community-Dwelling Older People: A Systematic Review","volume":"14","author":"Mijnarends","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M85","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/49.2.M85","article-title":"A Short Physical Performance Battery Assessing Lower Extremity Function: Association with Self-Reported Disability and Prediction of Mortality and Nursing Home Admission","volume":"49","author":"Guralnik","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"29","article-title":"Development and Validation of a Functional Fitness Test For Community-Residing Older Adults","volume":"7","author":"Rikli","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Aging Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2011.11.249","article-title":"Is the Six-Minute Walk Test Appropriate for Detecting Changes in Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Healthy Elderly Men?","volume":"15","author":"Santana","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14706","article-title":"Agreement and Predictive Validity Using Less-Conservative Foundation for the National Institutes of Health Sarcopenia Project Weakness Cutpoints","volume":"65","author":"Shaffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2015.1078779","article-title":"Conventional and Robust Norming in Identifying Preclinical Dementia","volume":"37","author":"Grober","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12330","article-title":"Aging-Related Anorexia and Its Association with Disability and Frailty","volume":"9","author":"Tsutsumimoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Revised European Consensus on Definition and Diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Bahat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M644","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.10.M644","article-title":"Measuring Higher Level Physical Function in Well-Functioning Older Adults: Expanding Familiar Approaches in the Health ABC Study","volume":"56","author":"Simonsick","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1999.29.2.116","article-title":"Reference Values for Concentric Knee Isokinetic Strength and Power in Nonathletic Men and Women from 20 to 80 Years Old","volume":"29","author":"Neder","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-122738","article-title":"Functional Screening Tests: Interrelationships and Ability to Predict Vertical Jump Performance","volume":"39","author":"Loturco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1159\/000172832","article-title":"Reproducibility of an Isokinetic Strength-Testing Protocol of the Knee and Ankle in Older Adults","volume":"55","author":"Hartmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-014-2983-z","article-title":"Reproducibility of Jumping Mechanography and Traditional Measures of Physical and Muscle Function in Older Adults","volume":"26","author":"Buehring","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1519\/JPT.0b013e3182a51b11","article-title":"Jump Test Performance and Sarcopenia Status in Men and Women, 55 to 75 Years of Age","volume":"37","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"50","article-title":"Relationship between Muscle Performance and DXA-Derived Bone Parameters in Community-Dwelling Older Adults","volume":"17","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2010.04.002","article-title":"Jumping Mechanography: A Potential Tool for Sarcopenia Evaluation in Older Individuals","volume":"13","author":"Buehring","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Densitom."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu011","article-title":"Grip Strength Cutpoints for the Identification of Clinically Relevant Weakness","volume":"69","author":"Alley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biomed. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glr055","article-title":"Absolute Strength and Loss of Strength as Predictors of Mobility Decline in Older Adults: The Inchianti Study","volume":"67","author":"Hicks","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biomed. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3109\/14038196.2011.616913","article-title":"Functional Fitness in Elderly Norwegians Measured with the Senior Fitness Test","volume":"13","author":"Langhammer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Physiother."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.06.003","article-title":"Measurement Characteristics and Clinical Utility of the Short Physical Performance Battery among Community-Dwelling Older Adults","volume":"100","author":"Westman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199503023320902","article-title":"Lower-Extremity Function in Persons over the Age of 70 Years as a Predictor of Subsequent Disability","volume":"332","author":"Guralnik","year":"1995","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu010","article-title":"The Fnih Sarcopenia Project: Rationale, Study Description, Conference Recommendations, and Final Estimates","volume":"69","author":"Studenski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biomed. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2011.614270","article-title":"Intra-And Inter-Session Reliability of Vertical Jump Performance in Healthy Middle-Aged and Older Men and Women","volume":"29","author":"Ditroilo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-016-0660-0","article-title":"Explosive Movement in the Older Men: Analysis and Comparative Study of Vertical Jump","volume":"29","author":"Argaud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-017-0734-7","article-title":"Age-Related Effects on Maximal and Rapid Hamstrings\/Quadriceps Strength Capacities and Vertical Jump Power in Young and Older Females","volume":"29","author":"Palmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Lira, C., Vargas, V., Silva, W., Bachi, A., Vancini, R., and Andrade, M. (2019). Relative strength, but not absolute muscle strength, is higher in exercising compared to non-exercising older women. Sports, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports7010019"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1519\/00139143-200831010-00002","article-title":"Hand-Grip Dynamometry Predicts Future Outcomes in Aging Adults","volume":"31","author":"Bohannon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-014-0465-9","article-title":"Sarcopenia According to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (Ewgsop) Versus Dynapenia as a Risk Factor for Disability in the Elderly","volume":"18","author":"Duarte","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104347","article-title":"Accuracy of Different Handgrip Values to Identify Mobility Limitation in Older Adults","volume":"94","author":"Delinocente","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-018-4466-0","article-title":"Low Peak Jump Power is Associated with Elevated Odds of Dysmobility Syndrome in Community-Dwelling Elderly Individuals: The Korean Urban Rural Elderly (Kure) Study","volume":"29","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20503","article-title":"Validity and Normative Data for Thirty-Second Chair Stand Test in Elderly Community-Dwelling Hong Kong Chinese","volume":"18","author":"Macfarlane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol. Off. J. Hum. Biol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1159\/000076769","article-title":"\u2018The Multiple-Sit-To-Stand\u2019 Field Test for Older Adults: What Does It Measure?","volume":"50","author":"Netz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.2016-0031","article-title":"An Evaluation of Functional Sit-To-Stand Power in Cohorts of Healthy Adults Aged 18\u201397 Years","volume":"25","author":"Glenn","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Aging Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"214","article-title":"Fat Mass is Negatively Associated with Muscle Strength and Jump Test Performance","volume":"9","author":"Moore","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Frailty Aging"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-020-1332-5","article-title":"Sarcopenia, Obesity and Sarcopenia Obesity in Comparison: Prevalence, Metabolic Profile, and Key Differences: Results from Wchat Study","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"}],"container-title":["Healthcare"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9032\/10\/2\/323\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:16:20Z","timestamp":1760134580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9032\/10\/2\/323"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["healthcare10020323"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare10020323","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9032"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9032","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]}}}