{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T16:12:36Z","timestamp":1774368756480,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0029\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DL 57\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DL 57\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems","award":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems","award":["LA\/P\/0029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0029\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems","award":["DL 57\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DL 57\/2016"]}]},{"name":"Maria Elisa Rodrigues thanks FCT","award":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Maria Elisa Rodrigues thanks FCT","award":["LA\/P\/0029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0029\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Maria Elisa Rodrigues thanks FCT","award":["DL 57\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DL 57\/2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Healthcare"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a disease with high incidence, a huge impact on the quality of life and health of women, and which represents a great challenge to treat. The growing need to apply antifungal intensive therapies have contributed to an emergence of drug-resistant Candida strains. Thus, effective therapeutic options, to meet the antifungal-resistance challenge and to control high resilient biofilms, are urgently needed. This study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of essentials oils (EOs) on drug-resistant Candida vaginal isolates. Method: Therefore, the antimicrobial effect of tea tree, niaouli, white thyme, and cajeput EOs on the planktonic growth of Candida isolates was initially evaluated by an agar disc diffusion method. Then, the vapor-phase effect of tea tree EO (VP-TTEO) on biofilm formation and on pre-formed biofilms was evaluated by crystal violet staining, XTT reduction assay, colony forming units\u2019 enumeration, and scanning electron microscopy. Results: The results revealed high antifungal activity of EOs against drug-resistant Candida isolates. Additionally, the VP-TTEO showed a significant inhibitory effect on the biofilm formation of all tested isolates and was able to provoke an expressive reduction in mature Candida albicans biofilms. Conclusions: Overall, this study suggests that the VP-EO may be a promising solution that is able to prevent biofilm-related VVC caused by antifungal-resistant strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10091649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T21:01:31Z","timestamp":1661806891000},"page":"1649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Vapor-Phase of Essential Oils as a Promising Solution to Prevent Candida Vaginal Biofilms Caused by Antifungal Resistant Strains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0031-8356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, LMaS\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio de Microbiologia aplicada \u00e0 Sa\u00fade, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2013Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, LMaS\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio de Microbiologia aplicada \u00e0 Sa\u00fade, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2013Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aromas Aqua Spa\u2013cl\u00ednica sa\u00fade, Pra\u00e7a 5 Outubro n\u00ba 32, Vila Verde, 4730-731 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"\u00c2ngela","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Centre, 4710-374 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Care Unit + Carand\u00e1, Primary Care Centre, 4710-374 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Nogueira-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, 3B\u2019s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital de Braga, 4710-243 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0000-7387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, LMaS\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio de Microbiologia aplicada \u00e0 Sa\u00fade, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2013Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Vair\u00e3o, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8823-9494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Elisa","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, LMaS\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio de Microbiologia aplicada \u00e0 Sa\u00fade, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2013Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0317-4877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, LMaS\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio de Microbiologia aplicada \u00e0 Sa\u00fade, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2013Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e339","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30103-8","article-title":"Global Burden of Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: A Systematic Review","volume":"18","author":"Denning","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"110","article-title":"Risk Factors for Vaginal Candidiasis among Women Attending Primary Health Care Centers of Jos, Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"Nwadioha","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bojang, E., Ghuman, H., Kumwenda, P., and Hall, R.A. (2021). Immune Sensing of Candida albicans. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7020119"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2015.1091805","article-title":"Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: Epidemiology, Microbiology and Risk Factors","volume":"42","author":"Ferreira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willems, H.M.E., Ahmed, S.S., Liu, J., Xu, Z., and Peters, B.M. (2020). Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: A Current Understanding and Burning Questions. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6010027"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2020.101049","article-title":"Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Antimicrobial Profile of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC): A Study among Women in the Central Region of Saudi Arabia","volume":"31","author":"Venugopal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"myac029","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myac029","article-title":"Vulvovaginal Candidiasis and Asymptomatic Vaginal Colonization in Portugal: Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Antifungal Pattern","volume":"60","author":"Fernandes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3635","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.039354-0","article-title":"Candida albicans Forms Biofilms on the Vaginal Mucosa","volume":"156","author":"Harriott","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3109\/13693780902856626","article-title":"Biofilm Formation on Intrauterine Devices in Patients with Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis","volume":"48","author":"Auler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528521","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/528521","article-title":"Fungal Biofilm Resistance","volume":"2012","author":"Ramage","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"DC06","article-title":"Fungal Profile of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in a Tertiary Care Hospital","volume":"11","author":"Kalaiarasan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31827307b2","article-title":"Fluconazole-Resistant Candida albicans Vulvovaginitis","volume":"120","author":"Marchaim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2015.08.008","article-title":"Antifungal Susceptibilities of Candida Species Isolated from the Patients with Vaginal Candidiasis","volume":"22","author":"Nagashima","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2014.974500","article-title":"Novel Strategies to Fight Candida Species Infection","volume":"42","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.4.564","article-title":"Plant Products as Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"12","author":"Cowan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2011.03.007","article-title":"New Antimicrobial Therapies Used against Fungi Present in Subgingival Sites\u2013A Brief Review","volume":"56","author":"Sardi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.118358","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Plant Extracts on Candida albicans: An in Vitro Study","volume":"24","author":"Doddanna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.045054-0","article-title":"Candida Species: Current Epidemiology, Pathogenicity, Biofilm Formation, Natural Antifungal Products and New Therapeutic Options","volume":"62","author":"Sardi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.4103\/phrev.phrev_8_17","article-title":"Plants\u2019 Natural Products as Alternative Promising Anti-Candida Drugs","volume":"11","author":"Soliman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharifi-Rad, J., Sureda, A., Tenore, G.C., Daglia, M., Sharifi-Rad, M., Valussi, M., Tundis, R., Sharifi-Rad, M., Loizzo, M.R., and Oluwaseun Ademiluyi, A. (2017). Biological Activities of Essential Oils: From Plant Chemoecology to Traditional Healing Systems. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22010070"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.2174\/138955709789878150","article-title":"Anti-Candida Activity of Essential Oils","volume":"9","author":"Salgueiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mini-Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2003.02059.x","article-title":"Antifungal Activity of the Components of Melaleuca Alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil","volume":"95","author":"Hammer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2015.1060592","article-title":"Chemical Composition, Cytotoxicity, Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activity of Several Essential Oils","volume":"30","author":"Cannas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5422","article-title":"In Vitro Activity of Tea Tree Oil Vaginal Suppositories against Candida spp. and Probiotic Vaginal Microbiota","volume":"29","author":"Mattarelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandras, N., Nostro, A., Roana, J., Scalas, D., Banche, G., Ghisetti, V., del Re, S., Fucale, G., Cuffini, A.M., and Tullio, V. (2016). Liquid and Vapour-Phase Antifungal Activities of Essential Oils against Candida albicans and Non-albicans Candida. BMC Complementary Altern. Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1316-5"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1641","article-title":"Essential Oils in Vapor Phase as Alternative Antimicrobials: A Review","volume":"60","author":"Palou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Review"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.9.2476-2479.1995","article-title":"Identification of Candida Species by PCR and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of Intergenic Spacer Regions of Ribosomal DNA","volume":"33","author":"Williams","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2020). Performance Standards for Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [2nd ed.]. CLSI Supplement M60."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.5.2155-2162.2005","article-title":"Antifungal Susceptibilities of Candida Species Causing Vulvovaginitis and Epidemiology of Recurrent Cases","volume":"43","author":"Richter","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.9.2154-2157.1996","article-title":"Fluconazole Disk Diffusion Procedure for Determining Susceptibility of Candida Species","volume":"34","author":"Barry","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7012(00)00122-6","article-title":"A Modified Microtiter-Plate Test for Quantification of Staphylococcal Biofilm Formation","volume":"40","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-010-9649-7","article-title":"In Vitro Biofilm Activity of Non- Candida albicans Candida Species","volume":"61","author":"Silva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.3109\/13693780802549594","article-title":"Biofilms of Non- Candida albicans Candida Species: Quantification, Structure and Matrix Composition","volume":"47","author":"Silva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/02681219680000231","article-title":"Comparisons of the Susceptibilities of Planktonic and Adherent Candida albicans to Antifungal Agents: A Modified XTT Tetrazolium Assay Using Synchronised C. albicans Cells","volume":"34","author":"Hawser","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Med. Vet. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1089\/107662900419474","article-title":"Cross-Resistance of Clinical Isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata to over-the-Counter Azoles Used in the Treatment of Vaginitis","volume":"6","author":"Cross","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2216","article-title":"Immunological Aspects of Cancer Chemotherapy","volume":"8","author":"Zitvogel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-015-0462-0","article-title":"Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in Pregnancy","volume":"17","author":"Aguin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2018.1476490","article-title":"Current Treatment Options for Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Caused by Azole-Resistant Candida Species","volume":"19","author":"Sobel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nem108","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oil and Methanol Extract of Teucrium Montanum","volume":"4","author":"Vukovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complementary Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1159\/000211450","article-title":"Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oil of Melaleuca Alternifolia (Tea Tree Oil) against Pathogenic Fungi in Vitro","volume":"9","author":"Nenoff","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ski. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scalas, D., Mandras, N., Roana, J., Tardugno, R., Cuffini, A.M., Ghisetti, V., Benvenuti, S., and Tullio, V. (2018). Use of Pinus Sylvestris, L. (Pinaceae), Origanum vulgare L. (Lamiaceae), and Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae) Essential Oils and Their Main Components to Enhance Itraconazole Activity against Azole Susceptible\/Not-Susceptible Cryptococcus neoformans Strains. BMC Complement Altern. Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2219-4"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2009). Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices (Part 5): Tests for in Vitro Cytotoxicity 2009 (Standard No. ISO 10993-5)."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozics, K., Bu\u010dkov\u00e1, M., Pu\u0161k\u00e1rov\u00e1, A., Kal\u00e1szov\u00e1, V., Cabicarov\u00e1, T., and Pangallo, D. (2019). The Effect of Ten Essential Oils on Several Cutaneous Drug-Resistant Microorganisms and Their Cyto\/Genotoxic and Antioxidant Properties. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24244570"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2015.06.003","article-title":"In Vitro Activity of Essential Oils Extracted from Condiments against Fluconazole-Resistant and -Sensitive Candida glabrata","volume":"25","author":"Soares","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-018-1594-x","article-title":"In Vitro Antimicrobial Activities of Commercially Available Tea Tree (Melaleuca Alternifolia) Essential Oils","volume":"76","author":"Brun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh243","article-title":"Antifungal Effects of Melaleuca Alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil and Its Components on Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"53","author":"Hammer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5989206","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5989206","article-title":"Antifungal Activity of Thai Cajuput Oil and Its Effect on Efflux-Pump Gene Expression in Fluconazole-Resistant Candida albicans Clinical Isolates","volume":"2020","author":"Keereedach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2014.05.055","article-title":"A Status Review on the Medicinal Properties of Essential Oils","volume":"62","author":"Raut","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(01)02094-7","article-title":"Virulence Factors of Candida albicans","volume":"9","author":"Calderone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2019.100911","article-title":"Thymus Vulgaris Essential Oil and Thymol Inhibit Biofilms and Interact Synergistically with Antifungal Drugs against Drug Resistant Strains of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis","volume":"30","author":"Jafri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyagi, A.K., and Malik, A. (2010). Liquid and Vapour-Phase Antifungal Activities of Selected Essential Oils against Candida albicans: Microscopic Observations and Chemical Characterization of Cymbopogon Citratus. BMC Complementary Altern. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-10-65"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-4562(03)00057-2","article-title":"Comparative Study of Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Effects of Selected Essential Oils by Gaseous and Solution Contacts","volume":"13","author":"Inouye","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Aromather."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"31","article-title":"Berlutti F Analytical Techniques to Study Microbial Biofilm on Abiotic Surfaces: Pros and Cons of the Main Techniques Currently in Use","volume":"25","author":"Pantanella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Ig. Med. Prev. E Comunita"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(01)02237-5","article-title":"Virulence in Candida Species","volume":"9","author":"Haynes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Healthcare"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9032\/10\/9\/1649\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:19:38Z","timestamp":1760141978000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9032\/10\/9\/1649"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["healthcare10091649"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare10091649","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9032"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9032","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]}}}