{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T18:36:59Z","timestamp":1773945419252,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Fund","award":["UIDB\/04279\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04279\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Healthcare"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is well established that physical activity benefits cognition. Further, the time of day one engages in physical activity has been suggested to influence cognition. Here, we aimed to understand if there is a time-of-day effect (morning or afternoon) of physical activity on cognition, i.e., if exercising in the morning or afternoon might bring greater cognitive benefits. A total of 56 participants were allocated to one of two groups with the same baseline cognitive performance as well as fitness level (International Physical Activity Questionnaire\u2014IPAQ): 27 to the morning intervention (M) group; and 29 to the afternoon intervention (A) group. In both groups, the participants engaged in an intermittent recovery test (Yo-yo), 4 times a week for 12 weeks. All participants were assessed with the d2 Test of Attention and the Borg scale of perceived exertion pre- and post- acute and chronic intervention. After the first bout of exercise and after 12 weeks, we observed cognitive improvements both in the M and A groups. Surprisingly, we do not find differences between the time of day regarding cognitive benefits. Our results do not support the existence of a time-of-day effect for the attentional cognitive benefits of exercise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10091766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T20:50:45Z","timestamp":1663188645000},"page":"1766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cognitive Benefits of Exercise: Is There a Time-of-Day Effect?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4001-0716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reinaldo","family":"Maeneja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Palma de Cima, 1649-023 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade e Desporto, Universidade Save, Maxixe 1301, Mozambique"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5368-9505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas S.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences and Technology, Universidade Europeia, 1500-210 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ci\u00eancias da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o (FPCE), Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Psychological Assessment and Psychometrics Laboratory (PsyAssessmentLab), Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ci\u00eancias da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o (FPCE), Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia R.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Palma de Cima, 1649-023 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade de Alcoit\u00e3o, 2649-506 Alcoit\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4067-0386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Palma de Cima, 1649-023 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-0851-8","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis investigating moderators of long-term effects of exercise on cognition in healthy individuals","volume":"4","author":"Ludyga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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