{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:55:14Z","timestamp":1760147714628,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Healthcare"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: In previous studies, it was found that the confinement to which the population was subjected during the quarantine of the COVID-19 pandemic increased the risk of anxiety and depression. Objective: to analyze the levels of anxiety and depression symptoms in Portugal residents during the quarantine of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This is a descriptive, transversal, and exploratory study of non-probabilistic sampling. Data collection was carried out between 6th and 31st of May 2020. Sociodemographic and health questionnaires PHQ-9 and GAD-7 were used. Results: The sample consisted of 920 individuals. The prevalence for depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 \u2265 5) was 68.2% and (PHQ-9 \u2265 10) was 34.8%, and for anxiety symptoms (GAD-7 \u2265 5) was 60.4% and (GAD-7 \u2265 10) was 20%. Depressive symptoms were moderately severe for 8.9% of the individuals, and 4.8% presented severe depression. Regarding the generalized anxiety disorder, we found that 11.6% of individuals present moderate symptoms, and 8.4% severe anxiety symptoms. Conclusions: The prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms were substantially higher than those previously found for the Portuguese population and when compared with other countries during the pandemic. Younger individuals, female, with chronic illness and medicated, were more vulnerable to depressive and anxious symptoms. In contrast, participants who maintained frequent levels of physical activity during confinement had their mental health protected.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11050659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T03:01:01Z","timestamp":1677207661000},"page":"659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Anxiety and Depression in the Initial Stage of the COVID-19 Outbreak in a Portuguese Sample: Exploratory Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2626-8561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Jos\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade Atl\u00e2ntica, F\u00e1brica da P\u00f3lvora, 2730-036 Barcarena, Portugal"},{"name":"The Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing, Coimbra Nursing School, 3045-043 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade Atl\u00e2ntica, F\u00e1brica da P\u00f3lvora, 2730-036 Barcarena, Portugal"},{"name":"The Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing, Coimbra Nursing School, 3045-043 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Research in Education and Community Intervention, 4410-372 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"},{"name":"Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade Jean Piaget Algarve, 8300-025 Silves, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4807-5277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Em\u00edlia","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing, Coimbra Nursing School, 3045-043 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Nursing Departamento, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade da Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0091-7113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filomena","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing, Coimbra Nursing School, 3045-043 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Nursing Departamento, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade da Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eus\u00e9bio","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing, Coimbra Nursing School, 3045-043 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Nursing Departamento, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade da Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Filipe","family":"Nave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing, Coimbra Nursing School, 3045-043 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Nursing Departamento, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade da Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2900-3972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Valentim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing School of Lisbon (ESEL), 1600-096 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Nursing Research, Innovation and Development Centre of Lisbon (CIDNUR), Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1600-096 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Health Technology and Services (CINTESIS@RISE), Research Group Innovation & Development in Nursing (NursID), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9708-5690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade Atl\u00e2ntica, F\u00e1brica da P\u00f3lvora, 2730-036 Barcarena, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Centre, 7000-811 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.200407","article-title":"Public Mental Health Crisis during COVID-19 Pandemic, China","volume":"26","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. 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