{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T02:54:20Z","timestamp":1771037660577,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Healthcare"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the psychometric properties (internal consistency and factorial validity) of different versions of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) in a sample of female aesthetic patients. The sample included 296 women attending aesthetic clinics, with ages ranging between 18 and 70 years (M = 32.23, SD = 11.35) and body mass index between 17.10 and 45.00 kg\/m2 (M = 24.70, SD = 4.07). Nine different length versions of the BSQ (BSQ-34, BSQ-32, BSQ-16A, BSQ-16B, BSQ-14, BSQ-8A, BSQ-8B, BSQ-8C and BSQ-8D) were subjected to confirmatory factor analyses, using a robust maximum likelihood estimator. Robust fit indices indicated that the BSQ-8D version was the better-fitting and more parsimonious model (S-B\u03c72\/df = 1.81, CFI = 0.963, RMSEA = 0.052, SRMR = 0.043). This short version also showed appropriate reliability (McDonald\u2019s omega and composite reliability = 0.87) and a very high correlation with the original BSQ-34 version (r = 0.95). In sum, these findings suggest that the BSQ-8D is the most valid, reliable and suitable BSQ version for measuring body shape concerns in female aesthetic patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11182590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T21:47:03Z","timestamp":1695246423000},"page":"2590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Psychometric Properties of Different Versions of the Body Shape Questionnaire in Female Aesthetic Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8667-4871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helder Miguel","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Guarda (IPG), 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Soler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aesthetics and Cosmetology, Unigran Capital University, Campo Grande 79010-010, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7179-6814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"ESECS\u2014Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8156-3291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Cid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Quality of Life (CIEQV), 2001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"},{"name":"Sport Science School of Rio Maior (ESDRM), Polytechnic of Santar\u00e9m, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jefferson","family":"Novaes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Education and Sports Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, S\u00e3o Pedro 36036-900, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Cash, T., and Smolak, L. (2011). Body Image: A Handbook of Science, Practice, and Prevention, The Guilford Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2019.06.006","article-title":"Systematic Review of Body Image Measures","volume":"30","author":"Kling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2021.12.003","article-title":"The Effect of Physical Appearance Perfectionism and Social Comparison to Thin-, Slim-Thick-, and Fit-Ideal Instagram Imagery on Young Women\u2019s Body Image","volume":"40","author":"McComb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-8910.2014048004950","article-title":"Body Image in Brazil: Recent Advances in the State of Knowledge and Methodological Issues","volume":"48","author":"Laus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-018-0544-8","article-title":"Comparing Internalization of Appearance Ideals and Appearance-Related Pressures among Women from the United States, Italy, England, and Australia","volume":"24","author":"Schaefer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1017\/gmh.2023.2","article-title":"Body Image as a Global Mental Health Concern","volume":"10","author":"Rodgers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(198707)6:4<485::AID-EAT2260060405>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"The Development and Validation of the Body Shape Questionnaire","volume":"6","author":"Cooper","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-108X(199611)20:3<315::AID-EAT11>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Body Shape Questionnaire: Studies of Validity and Reliability","volume":"20","author":"Rosen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3637","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-022-01503-6","article-title":"Psychometric Properties of the Italian Body Shape Questionnaire: An Investigation of Its Reliability, Factorial, Concurrent, and Criterion Validity","volume":"27","author":"Marzola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046075","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1046075","article-title":"The Saudi-Arabic Adaptation of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ34): Psychometrics and Norms of the Full Version and the Short Version (BSQ8C)","volume":"13","author":"Melisse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1177\/0031512519839537","article-title":"The Body Shape Questionnaire Is Not Invariant Across Sex: Evidence From Portuguese-Speaking University Students","volume":"126","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Ski."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yurtsever, I., Matusiak, \u0141., and Szepietowski, J. (2022). To Inject or to Reject? The Body Image Perception among Aesthetic Dermatology Patients. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12010172"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(199304)13:3<315::AID-EAT2260130310>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Body Shape Questionnaire: Derivation of Shortened \u201cAlternate Forms\u201d","volume":"13","author":"Evans","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2013.843537","article-title":"Validity and Reliability of the French Versions of the Body Shape Questionnaire","volume":"96","author":"Berchtold","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2014.06.001","article-title":"Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Different Versions of the Body Shape Questionnaire Applied to Brazilian University Students","volume":"11","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.08.002","article-title":"Evaluation and Comparison of Different Versions of the Body Shape Questionnaire","volume":"158","author":"Pook","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(01)00254-2","article-title":"The Validity of a Short Version of the Body Shape Questionnaire","volume":"102","author":"Dowson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.2004.00411.x","article-title":"The Reliability and Validity of the Swedish Version of the Body Shape Questionnaire","volume":"45","author":"Ghaderi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3109\/08039488.2015.1009486","article-title":"Validation of the Norwegian Short Version of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ-14)","volume":"69","author":"Kapstad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nord. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjw127","article-title":"Body Image and Body Contouring Procedures","volume":"36","author":"Sarwer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aesthet. Surg. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1177\/0887302X0001800304","article-title":"Body Image and Appearance-Management Behaviors in College Women","volume":"18","author":"Rudd","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cloth. Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"ISAPS (2023, August 13). ISAPS International Survey on Aesthetic\/Cosmetic Procedures Performed in 2021. Available online: https:\/\/www.isaps.org\/media\/vdpdanke\/isaps-global-survey_2021.pdf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000153204.37065.D3","article-title":"Female College Students and Cosmetic Surgery: An Investigation of Experiences, Attitudes, and Body Image","volume":"115","author":"Sarwer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1721868","article-title":"Psychiatric Assessment and Management of Clients Undergoing Cosmetic Surgery: Overview and Need for an Integrated Approach","volume":"54","author":"Bascarane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2012.04.009","article-title":"Body Shape Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties of the Short Version (BSQ-8C) and Norms from the General Swedish Population","volume":"9","author":"Welch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcp.2018.09.002","article-title":"An\u00e1lisis psicom\u00e9trico del Body Shape Questionnaire en universitarios mexicanos","volume":"49","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Colomb. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Brown, T.A. (2015). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research, The Guilford Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Kline, R. (2023). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, The Guilford Press. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"21","article-title":"Internal Validity, Dimensionality and Performance of the Body Shape Questionnaire in a Group of Brazilian College Students","volume":"31","author":"Silveira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Braz. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1590\/S1519-38292009000300012","article-title":"A Study of the Validity and Reliability of the Brazilian Version of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) among Adolescents","volume":"9","author":"Conti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Saude Mater. Infant."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Hancock, G., and Mueller, R. (2013). Structural Equation Modeling: A Second Course, IAP Information Age Publishing. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Von Eye, A., and Clogg, C. (1994). Latent Variables Analysis: Applications for Developmental Research, Sage Publications, Inc."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., and Anderson, R. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis, Cengage. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-020-00874-y","article-title":"Evaluating Different Versions of the Body Shape Questionnaire and Invariance across Age in Mexican Women","volume":"26","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0358.197224","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Factors Predicting the Interest in Cosmetic Plastic Surgery","volume":"49","author":"Milothridis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1177\/1090820X12462715","article-title":"Body Image Dysmorphic Disorder in Persons Who Undergo Aesthetic Medical Treatments","volume":"32","author":"Sarwer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aesthetic Surg. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjaa328","article-title":"The Psychological Assessment of Aesthetic Patients: Results of a Survey of the British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons Members","volume":"41","author":"Chasapi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aesthet. Surg. J."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"941","article-title":"Evaluation of Men\u2019s Trends and Experiences in Aesthetic Treatment","volume":"17","author":"Montes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."}],"container-title":["Healthcare"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9032\/11\/18\/2590\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:53:53Z","timestamp":1760129633000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9032\/11\/18\/2590"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["healthcare11182590"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare11182590","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9032"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9032","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]}}}