{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T17:21:09Z","timestamp":1769880069504,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Healthcare"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While previous studies conducted in sub-Saharan African countries have focused on verifying standards of clinical care and assessing challenges faced by healthcare professionals, the present study fills a gap in the literature in that it explores the factors that may drive the organizational commitment of healthcare professionals in Angola. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between psychological capital and organizational commitment through perceived transformational leadership. Therefore, using the quantitative methodology, a self-report questionnaire was applied to 342 healthcare professionals (174 male, 168 female) from different public and private hospitals located in three large cities in Angola. The results confirmed that psychological capital is positively related to affective commitment and that perceived transformational leadership is a mediating variable of this relationship. Therefore, this study highlights the role of psychological capital and perceived transformational leadership in improving affective commitment in challenging environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12030326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T10:54:27Z","timestamp":1706266467000},"page":"326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Improving Organizational Commitment among Healthcare Employees in Angola: The Role of Psychological Capital and Perceived Transformational Leadership"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7267-7294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa Lutete","family":"Geremias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lisbon Accounting and Business School, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1069-035 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Administra\u00e7\u00e3o e Pol\u00edticas P\u00fablicas, 1300-663 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7720-8657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel Pereira","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Institute of Social and Political Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1300-663 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1767-3271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Sotomayor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lisbon Accounting and Business School, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1069-035 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Jur\u00eddico Portucalense, Universidade Portucalense, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1108\/LHS-12-2018-0067","article-title":"Emotional intelligence, gender and transformational leadership among nurses in emerging economies","volume":"32","author":"Apore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leadersh. Health Serv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981621","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.981621","article-title":"Organizational commitment of health professionals and associated factors in primary healthcare facilities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A multi-center cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Arage","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, B., and Akey-Torku, B. (2020). The Influence of Managerial Psychology on Job Satisfaction among Healthcare Employees in Ghana. Healthcare, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare8030262"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856397","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.856397","article-title":"COVID-19 and Health Systems Functioning in Sub-Saharan Africa Using the \u201cWHO Building Blocks\u201d: The Challenges and Responses","volume":"10","author":"Amu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muthuri, R.N., Senkubuge, F., and Hongoro, C. (2020). An Investigation of Healthcare Professionals\u2019 Motivation in Public and Mission Hospitals in Meru County, Kenya. Healthcare, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare8040530"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03059","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.11.03059","article-title":"COVID-19: A novel burden on the fragile health system of Angola","volume":"11","author":"Gyeltshen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fantahun, B., Dellie, E., Worku, N., and Debie, A. (2023). Organizational commitment and associated factors among health professionals working in public hospitals of southwestern Oromia, Ethiopia. BMC Health Serv. Res., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09167-3"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.02197","article-title":"Enhancing Internal Learning in Teams: The Role of Network Centrality and Psychological Capital of Undergraduate Students","volume":"11","author":"Geremias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, M., and Kim, B. (2023). Effect of Employee Experience on Organizational Commitment: Case of South Korea. Behav. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs13070521"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De las Heras-Rosas, C., Herrera, J., and Rodr\u00edguez-Fern\u00e1ndez, M. (2021). Organisational Commitment in Healthcare Systems: A Bibliometric Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052271"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215824402110088","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440211008894","article-title":"The Mediating Effects of Organizational Commitment on Leadership Styles and Employee Performance in SOEs in Ghana: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Donkor","year":"2021","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1080\/14330237.2015.1101283","article-title":"Organisational commitment and job retention among nurses in a South African setting: An exploratory study","volume":"26","author":"Ruvimbo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychol. Afr."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1333","article-title":"Mediating Role of Psychological Capital In The Relationship between Transformational Leadership And Organizational Commitment","volume":"7","author":"Saadat","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Posit. Sch. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bafei, S., Chen, J., Qian, Y., Yuan, L., Zhou, Y., Sambou, M., Walker, A.N., Li, W., and Liu, S. (2023). The Association between Burnout, Social Support, and Psychological Capital among Primary Care Providers in Togo: A Cross-Sectional Study. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59010175"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2017.07.004","article-title":"Staying after the storm: How transformational leadership relates to follower turnover intentions in extreme contexts","volume":"102","author":"Eberly","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vocat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1108\/LODJ-06-2018-0233","article-title":"The antecedents and consequences of psychological capital: A meta-analytic approach","volume":"40","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leadersh. Organ. Dev. J."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Organisational Commitment: Conceptualization, Measurement, and Scale validation","volume":"11","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Technol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgdyn.2020.100817","article-title":"Positive Psychological Capital to Help Combat the Mental Health Fallout from the Pandemic and VUCA Environment","volume":"51","author":"Luthans","year":"2020","journal-title":"Organ. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1108\/CDI-11-2016-0210","article-title":"Testing a dynamic model of the impact of psychological capital on work engagement and job performance","volume":"23","author":"Alessandri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Career Dev. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113324","article-title":"Psychological Capital: An Evidence-Based Positive Approach","volume":"4","author":"Luthans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x","article-title":"Positive Psychological Capital: Measurement and Relationship with performance and satisfaction","volume":"60","author":"Luthans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pers. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S120","DOI":"10.1002\/job.1916","article-title":"Psychological capital: A review and synthesis","volume":"35","author":"Newman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.02.016","article-title":"Positive together? The effects of leader-follower (dis)similarity in psychological capital","volume":"110","author":"Bentein","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2020.1796600","article-title":"Positive resources for psychiatry in the fourth industrial revolution: Building patient and family focused psychological capital (PsyCap)","volume":"32","author":"Broad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2623","article-title":"Psychological capital and well-being","volume":"31","author":"Luthans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stress Health J. Int. Soc. Investig. Stress"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1177\/15480518221107998","article-title":"A Comprehensive Meta-Analyses of the Nomological Network of Psychological Capital (PsyCap)","volume":"30","author":"Loghman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Leadersh. Organ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caponnetto, P., Platania, S., Maglia, M., Morando, M., Gruttadauria, S., Auditore, R., Ledda, C., Rapisarda, V., and Santisi, G. (2022). Health Occupation and Job Satisfaction: The Impact of Psychological Capital in the Management of Clinical Psychological Stressors of Healthcare Workers in the COVID-19 Era. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19106134"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4102\/sajip.v41i1.1271","article-title":"Correlating nurses\u2019 levels of Psychological Capital with their reward preferences and reward satisfaction","volume":"41","author":"Shelton","year":"2015","journal-title":"SA J. Ind. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990216","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.990216","article-title":"The mediating role of job satisfaction between psychological capital and work engagement among Chinese nurses during COVID-19 outbreak: A comparative study between nurse specialists and general nurses","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1111\/ppc.13128","article-title":"The role of psychological capital in the relationship between nurses\u2019 job satisfaction and turnover intention","volume":"58","author":"Alan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychiatr. Care"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609211","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.609211","article-title":"The Organizational Commitment in the Company and Its Relationship with the Psychological Contract","volume":"11","author":"Herrera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2015.03.003","article-title":"The incremental validity of organizational commitment, organizational trust, and organizational identification","volume":"88","author":"Ng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vocat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"61","article-title":"A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment","volume":"1","author":"Meyer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"139","article-title":"Well-being, affective commitment and job satisfaction: Influences on turnover intentions in casual dining employees","volume":"29","author":"DiPietro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Mark. Manag."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a1071","DOI":"10.4102\/sajip.v39i2.1071","article-title":"Psychological capital, work engagement and organisational commitment amongst call centre employees in South Africa","volume":"39","author":"Simons","year":"2013","journal-title":"SA J. Ind. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0000014","article-title":"Understanding organizational commitment: A meta-analytic examination of the roles of the five-factor model of personality and culture","volume":"100","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S256856","article-title":"Assessment of Organizational Commitment among Nurses in a Major Public Hospital in Saudi Arabia","volume":"13","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Multidiscip. Heal."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C., Ding, X., and Li, J. (2022). Transformational Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Employee Relations Climate and the Moderating Role of Subordinate Gender. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010233"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2022.103177","article-title":"Transformational Leadership, HRM practices and burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of personal stress, anxiety, and workplace loneliness","volume":"102","author":"Kloutsiniotis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"262","article-title":"The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Nurses\u2019 Organizational Commitment: A Multiple Mediation Model","volume":"10","author":"Iqbal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwb.2016.06.002","article-title":"Developing global transformational leaders","volume":"52","author":"Ramsey","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. World Bus."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.35683\/jcm21070.200","article-title":"An analysis of the influence of transformational leadership in a taxation organisation in the KwaZulu-Natal region","volume":"20","author":"Mdletshe","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.13151","article-title":"Nursing leadership styles and their impact on intensive care unit quality measures\u2013An Integrative review","volume":"29","author":"Kiwanuka","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Manag."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sfantou, D., Laliotis, A., Patelarou, A., Sifaki-Pistolla, D., Matalliotakis, M., and Patelarou, E. (2017). Importance of Leadership Style towards Quality of Care Measures in Healthcare Settings: A Systematic Review. Healthcare, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare5040073"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"230","article-title":"Psychological Capital and Organisational Commitment: Nature, Structure and Relationship in an Indian Sample","volume":"11","author":"Sahoo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. J. Manag. Res. Innov."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2018.03.016","article-title":"Serial multiple mediation of organizational commitment and job burnout in the relationship between psychological capital and anxiety in Chinese female nurses: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey","volume":"83","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/joop.12007","article-title":"Building on the positives: A psychometric review and critical analysis of the construct of Psychological Capital","volume":"86","author":"Dawkins","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Occup. Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"639","article-title":"The Role of Psychological Capital in Human Service Professionals\u2019 Work Experiences","volume":"11","author":"Maggio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gom, D., Lew, T., Jiony, M., Tanakinjal, G., and Sondoh, S.J. (2021). The Role of Transformational Leadership and Psychological Capital in the Hotel Industry: A Sustainable Approach to Reducing Turnover Intention. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su131910799"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1108\/LODJ-06-2019-0245","article-title":"How transformational leadership facilitates innovation capability: The mediating role of employees\u2019 psychological capital","volume":"41","author":"Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leadersh. Organ. Dev. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.7242","article-title":"Self-Efficacy and Optimism Mediate the Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Knowledge Sharing","volume":"46","author":"Le","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc. Behav. Personal. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S1048-9843(02)00143-1","article-title":"Impact of leadership style and emotions on subordinate performance","volume":"13","author":"Anderson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Leadersh. Q."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salam, A.H., Dumit, N., Clinton, M., and Mahfoud, Z. (2023). Transformational leadership and predictors of resilience among registered nurses: A cross-sectional survey in an underserved area. BMC Nurs., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-023-01192-1"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7391","DOI":"10.5897\/AJBM11.126","article-title":"Transformational leadership, employee engagement and performance: Mediating effect of psychological ownership","volume":"5","author":"Azka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. J. Bus. Manag."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan, E.S. (2013). Handbook of Causal Analysis for Social Research, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6094-3"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1108\/SAJBS-04-2016-0036","article-title":"Enhancing organizational commitment and employee performance through employee engagement","volume":"6","author":"Nazir","year":"2017","journal-title":"South Asian J. Bus. Stud."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1108\/TR-10-2020-0477","article-title":"Transformational leadership and trust in leadership impacts on employee commitment","volume":"77","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tour. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2019.01.001","article-title":"The mediating role of transformational leadership in the relationship between cultural intelligence and employee voice behavior: A case of hotel employees","volume":"69","author":"Afsar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Intercult. Relat."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1177\/1548051809332021","article-title":"In the Eyes of the Beholder: Transformational Leadership, Positive Psychological Capital, and Performance","volume":"15","author":"Gooty","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Leadersh. Organ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anr.2017.01.002","article-title":"Mediating Role of Psychological Capital in Relationship between Occupational Stress and Turnover Intention among Nurses at Veterans Administration Hospitals in Korea","volume":"11","author":"Yim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Hair, J.F., Babin, B.J., and Anderson, R.E. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis, Cengage. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2699.6.2.172","article-title":"Vertical versus shared leadership as predictors of the effectiveness of change management teams: An examination of aversive, directive, transactional, transformational, and empowering leader behaviors","volume":"6","author":"Pearce","year":"2002","journal-title":"Group Dyn. Theory Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1108\/LODJ-06-2016-0158","article-title":"Calling for leadership: Leadership relation with worker\u2019s sense of calling","volume":"39","author":"Esteves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leadersh. Organ. Dev. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776839","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.776839","article-title":"Psychological Capital Profiles and Their Relationship with Internal Learning in Teams of Undergraduate Students","volume":"13","author":"Geremias","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"1","article-title":"The influence of psychological capital on internal learning: The mediating role of the perceived team structure","volume":"61","author":"Geremias","year":"2021","journal-title":"RAE-Rev. De. Adm. De. Empresa"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Mark. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elerap.2010.07.003","article-title":"Lower bounds on sample size in structural equation modeling","volume":"9","author":"Westland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electron. Commer. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428109332834","article-title":"A Tale of Three Perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Richardson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Organ. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies","volume":"88","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-015-9422-9","article-title":"Four Research Designs and a Comprehensive Analysis Strategy for Investigating Common Method Variance with Self-Report Measures Using Latent Variables","volume":"31","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bus. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","article-title":"The moderator\u2013mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations","volume":"51","author":"Baron","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Leinhart, E.S. (1982). Sociological Methodology, Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1108\/IJOA-04-2020-2122","article-title":"Impact of psychological capital (PsyCap) on affective commitment: Mediating role of affective well-being","volume":"29","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Organ. Anal."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1097\/00005110-200505000-00006","article-title":"Nurse executive transformational leadership and organizational commitment","volume":"35","author":"Leach","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Adm."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02699","article-title":"Assessing the Mediation Mechanism of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment on Innovative Behavior: The Perspective of Psychological Capital","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1108\/LODJ-08-2014-0148","article-title":"How to increase organizational commitment through transactional leadership","volume":"37","author":"Afshari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leadersh. Organ. Dev. J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2005.03.001","article-title":"Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership","volume":"16","author":"Avolio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Leadersh. Q."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"1446","article-title":"The Effect of Dark Leadership on Organizational Commitment: A Research in The Banking Sector","volume":"14","author":"Bahadir","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"76","article-title":"A contribui\u00e7\u00e3o de mulheres l\u00edderes no n\u00edvel de comprometimento organizacional","volume":"11","author":"Weymer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. De. Gest\u00e3o Organ."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26615","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000026615","article-title":"Relationship among affective commitment, occupational stressors, and calling of psychiatrists in Shanghai","volume":"100","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1080\/09585190801991194","article-title":"More evidence on the value of chinese workers\u2019 psychological capital: A potentially unlimited competitive resource?","volume":"19","author":"Luthans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donaldson, S.I., Villalobos, J., and Chen, C.L. (2020). The Generalizability of HERO across 15 Nations: Positive Psychological Capital (PsyCap) beyond the US and Other WEIRD Countries. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249432"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/hrdq.21212","article-title":"Psychological Capital Intervention (PCI): A Replication and Extension","volume":"26","author":"Russo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Dev. Q."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-0597.2007.00303.x","article-title":"When the romance is over: Follower perspectives of aversive leadership","volume":"56","author":"Bligh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"495","article-title":"Level and Factors Associated with Professional Commitment of Health Professionals Providing Institutional Delivery Services in Public Health Facilities, Southwest Ethiopia","volume":"28","author":"Siraneh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ethiop. J. Health Sci."}],"container-title":["Healthcare"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9032\/12\/3\/326\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:50:08Z","timestamp":1760104208000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9032\/12\/3\/326"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["healthcare12030326"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare12030326","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9032"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9032","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]]}}}