{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T02:54:15Z","timestamp":1775184855623,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Healthcare"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The role of mindful eating (ME) and intuitive eating (IE) in improving eating behavior, diet quality, and health is an area of increasing interest. Objective: The objective of this review was to identify the instruments used to assess ME and IE among higher education students and outcomes related to these dimensions. Methods: This review was carried out according to the PRISMA statement, through systematic searches in PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, and Scopus. The inclusion criteria selected for higher education students, levels of ME and\/or IE reported, and observational and clinical studies. The exclusion criteria selected against reviews, qualitative studies, and case studies. Quality was assessed using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Criteria Checklist. Results: A total of 516 initial records were identified, from which 75 were included. Cross-sectional studies were the most common research design (86.7%). Most studies were conducted with samples that were predominantly female (90.7%), White (76.0%), aged 18 to 22 years (88.4%), with BMI &lt; 25 kg\/m2 (83.0%), and in the United States (61.3%). The Intuitive Eating Scale (IES), the Mindful Eating Questionnaire (MEQ), and their different versions were the most used instruments. The outcomes most studies included were eating behavior and disorders (77.3%), anthropometric assessments (47.8%), mental health (42.0%), and body image (40.6%). Regarding the quality of studies, 34.7% of studies were assigned a positive, 1.3% a negative, and 64.0% a neutral rate. Conclusions: IES and MEQ were the most used instruments. RCT and cohort studies are scarce, and future research with a higher level of quality is needed, especially on the topics of food consumption, diet quality, and biochemical markers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12050572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T07:36:21Z","timestamp":1709278581000},"page":"572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Assessment of Intuitive Eating and Mindful Eating among Higher Education Students: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5617-8778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiane","family":"Rezende","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7710-4284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno M. P. M.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Decision Support, Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (LIIAD, INESC-TEC), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9177-6423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Po\u00ednhos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Tribole, E., and Resch, E. (1995). Intuitive Eating: A Revolutionary Program That Works, St. Martin\u2019s Griffin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1177\/135910539900400305","article-title":"An Exploratory Study of a Meditation-based Intervention for Binge Eating Disorder","volume":"4","author":"Kristeller","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2011.533605","article-title":"Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Training for Treating Binge Eating Disorder: The Conceptual Foundation","volume":"19","author":"Kristeller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2020.10.019","article-title":"The Influence of Mindful Eating and\/or Intuitive Eating Approaches on Dietary Intake: A Systematic Review","volume":"121","author":"Grider","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12156","article-title":"Mindfulness-based interventions for obesity-related eating behaviours: A literature review","volume":"15","author":"Cook","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12918","article-title":"Mindful eating and common diet programs lower body weight similarly: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Artiles","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-8343(82)90026-3","article-title":"An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: Theoretical considerations and preliminary results","volume":"4","year":"1982","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827615569682","article-title":"Mindful Eating","volume":"9","author":"Monroe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/0260106020984091","article-title":"(Re)defining mindful eating into mindful eating behaviour to advance scientific enquiry","volume":"27","author":"Mantzios","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.53.2.226","article-title":"Development and psychometric evaluation of a measure of intuitive eating","volume":"53","author":"Tylka","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Couns. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030893","article-title":"The Intuitive Eating Scale\u20132: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation with college women and men","volume":"60","author":"Tylka","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Couns. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01759","article-title":"Sources of Stress and Their Associations with Mental Disorders Among College Students: Results of the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Initiative","volume":"11","author":"Karyotaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1159\/000527604","article-title":"Changes in Eating Attitudes and Risk for Developing Disordered Eating Behaviors in College Students with Subthreshold Eating Disorders: A Cohort Study","volume":"56","author":"Miyake","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23224","article-title":"Prevention of eating disorders at universities: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Harrer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2022.2030124","article-title":"Outcomes of intuitive eating interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Babbott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1080\/19320248.2022.2052783","article-title":"Food Attitudes, Mindful Eating, and Satisfaction with Food-Related Life among Italian and American University Students","volume":"18","author":"Chiodo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hunger Environ. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy342","article-title":"Prevalence of eating disorders over the 2000\u20132018 period: A systematic literature review","volume":"109","author":"Galmiche","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00040-7","article-title":"The hidden burden of eating disorders: An extension of estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"8","author":"Santomauro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23353","article-title":"Early impact of COVID-19 on individuals with self-reported eating disorders: A survey of ~1000 individuals in the United States and the Netherlands","volume":"53","author":"Termorshuizen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2021.105","article-title":"Incidence and outcomes of eating disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"220","author":"Taquet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (2016). Evidence Analysis Manual: Steps in the Academy Evidence Analysis Process, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/19325037.2004.10603615","article-title":"The Intuitive Eating Scale: Development and Preliminary Validation","volume":"35","author":"Hawks","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Educ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1080\/19325037.2005.10608206","article-title":"The Relationship between Intuitive Eating and Health Indicators among College Women","volume":"36","author":"Hawks","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Educ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.53.4.486","article-title":"Exploring a model of intuitive eating with college women","volume":"53","author":"Avalos","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Couns. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1080\/19325037.2006.10598892","article-title":"Intuitive Eating, Diet Composition, and The Meaning of Food in Healthy Weight Promotion","volume":"37","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Educ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.53.4.474","article-title":"Are intuitive eating and eating disorder symptomatology opposite poles of the same construct?","volume":"53","author":"Tylka","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Couns. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3200\/JACH.56.44.359-368","article-title":"Classroom Approach for Managing Dietary Restraint, Negative Eating Styles, and Body Image Concerns Among College Women","volume":"56","author":"Hawks","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Health"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.393","article-title":"Retrospective Reports of Child Feeding Practices, Current Eating Behaviors, and BMI in College Students","volume":"18","author":"Galloway","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1177\/0361684310388785","article-title":"Self-Silencing, Emotional Awareness, and Eating Behaviors in College Women","volume":"35","author":"Shouse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Women Q."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2012.05.011","article-title":"Disordered eating, perfectionism, and food rules","volume":"13","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2012.06.004","article-title":"A preliminary evaluation of BMI status in moderating changes in body composition and eating behavior in ethnically-diverse first-year college women","volume":"13","author":"Webb","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-012-0124-3","article-title":"Mindful Eating and Its Relationship to Body Mass Index and Physical Activity Among University Students","volume":"4","author":"Moor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2009.05.006","article-title":"Development and Validation of the Mindful Eating Questionnaire","volume":"109","author":"Framson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2013.09.001","article-title":"Self-compassion and intuitive eating in college women: Examining the contributions of distress tolerance and body image acceptance and action","volume":"14","author":"Schoenefeld","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"719","article-title":"Initial Validation of the Mindful Eating Scale","volume":"5","author":"Nicholls","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2015.05.005","article-title":"Is level of intuitive eating associated with plate size effects?","volume":"18","author":"Anderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e91","DOI":"10.4278\/ajhp.130305-QUAN-97","article-title":"Intuitive Eating: Associations with Physical Activity Motivation and BMI","volume":"29","author":"Gast","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Promot."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2015.01.008","article-title":"Health at Every Size College Course Reduces Dieting Behaviors and Improves Intuitive Eating, Body Esteem, and Anti-Fat Attitudes","volume":"47","author":"Humphrey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Educ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1037\/tps0000035","article-title":"Associations among self-compassion, mindful eating, eating disorder symptomatology, and body mass index in college students","volume":"1","author":"Taylor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Issues Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2015.07.003","article-title":"Exercise motives and positive body image in physically active college women and men: Exploring an expanded acceptance model of intuitive eating","volume":"15","author":"Tylka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-015-0210-3","article-title":"Contributions of mindful eating, intuitive eating, and restraint to BMI, disordered eating, and meal consumption in college students","volume":"21","author":"Anderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord. Stud. Anorex. Bulim. Obes."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.6000\/1927-5129.2016.12.11","article-title":"Mindfulness and Nutrition in College Age Students","volume":"12","author":"Bryan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2015.11.020","article-title":"Recollections of pressure to eat during childhood, but not picky eating, predict young adult eating behavior","volume":"97","author":"Ellis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2016.03.006","article-title":"A daily diary study of self-compassion, body image, and eating behavior in female college students","volume":"17","author":"Kelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.02.024","article-title":"An integrative affect regulation process model of internalized weight bias and intuitive eating in college women","volume":"102","author":"Webb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2017.04.017","article-title":"Turkish version of the Intuitive Eating Scale-2: Validity and reliability among university students","volume":"114","author":"Bas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2017.03.051","article-title":"Self-perceived food addiction: Prevalence, predictors, and prognosis","volume":"114","author":"Meadows","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2017.10.013","article-title":"Are emotionally driven and addictive-like eating behaviors the missing links between psychological distress and greater body weight?","volume":"120","author":"Bourdier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2017.08.065","article-title":"Effectiveness of Intuitive Eating Intervention through a Text Messaging Program among College Students","volume":"117","author":"Loughran","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.5114\/hpr.2018.73052","article-title":"An exploratory examination of mindfulness, self-compassion, and mindful eating in relation to motivations to eat palatable foods and BMI","volume":"6","author":"Mantzios","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055102918762701","DOI":"10.1177\/2055102918762701","article-title":"How does grazing relate to body mass index, self-compassion, mindfulness and mindful eating in a student population?","volume":"5","author":"Mantzios","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Open"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-018-0548-4","article-title":"Mindfulness, self-compassion, and mindful eating in relation to fat and sugar consumption: An exploratory investigation","volume":"23","author":"Mantzios","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord. Stud. Anorex. Bulim. Obes."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-018-0562-6","article-title":"Helpful or harmful? The comparative value of self-weighing and calorie counting versus intuitive eating on the eating disorder symptomology of college students","volume":"23","author":"Romano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord. Stud. Anorex. Bulim. Obes."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2017.11.003","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the intuitive eating scale-2 (IES-2) in a culturally diverse Hispanic American sample","volume":"28","author":"Saunders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2018.04.003","article-title":"\u201cMom, quit fat talking\u2014I\u2019m trying to eat (mindfully) here!\u201d: Evaluating a sociocultural model of family fat talk, positive body image, and mindful eating in college women","volume":"126","author":"Webb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2019.03.010","article-title":"Associations Between Intuitive Eating Behaviors and Fruit and Vegetable Intake Among College Students","volume":"51","author":"Barad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Educ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2019.03.002","article-title":"Weight-related shame and guilt, intuitive eating, and binge eating in female college students","volume":"33","author":"Craven","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12210","DOI":"10.2196\/12210","article-title":"The Mindfulness App Trial for Weight, Weight-Related Behaviors, and Stress in University Students: Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"7","author":"Lyzwinski","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2018.12.003","article-title":"Exposure to body focused and non-body focused others over a week: A preliminary investigation of their unique contributions to college women\u2019s eating and body image","volume":"28","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-019-01170-2","article-title":"Mindful Awareness or Self-Regulation in Eating: An Investigation into the Underlying Dimensions of Mindful Eating","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23319","article-title":"An uncontrolled pilot feasibility trial of an intuitive eating intervention for college women with disordered eating delivered through group and guided self-help modalities","volume":"53","author":"Burnette","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20170095","DOI":"10.1515\/ijamh-2017-0095","article-title":"Associations between body weight status, psychological well-being and disordered eating with intuitive eating among Malaysian undergraduate university students","volume":"32","author":"Gan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Adolesc. Med. Health"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giannopoulou, I., Kotopoulea-Nikolaidi, M., Daskou, S., Martyn, K., and Patel, A. (2020). Mindfulness in Eating Is Inversely Related to Binge Eating and Mood Disturbances in University Students in Health-Related Disciplines. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020396"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1108\/IJHCQA-01-2020-0009","article-title":"Development and validation of the Expanded Mindful Eating Scale","volume":"33","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Care Qual. Assur."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1177\/0260106019888367","article-title":"How does mindful eating without non-judgement, mindfulness and self-compassion relate to motivations to eat palatable foods in a student population?","volume":"26","author":"Keyte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Health"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2018.01.015","article-title":"The Mindful Eating Behavior Scale: Development and Psychometric Properties in a Sample of Dutch Adults Aged 55 Years and Older","volume":"118","author":"Winkens","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"555","article-title":"Mindful eating questionnaired: Eating control, emotional eating and conscious nutrition trio","volume":"22","author":"Ciplak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"125","article-title":"Adaptation Study of the Mindful Eating Questiionnare (MEQ) into Turkish","volume":"5","author":"Kose","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Psychother. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"528","article-title":"Does mindful eating have a relationship with gender, body mass index and health promoting lifestyle?","volume":"22","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104556","article-title":"Brief non-dieting intervention increases intuitive eating and reduces dieting intention, body image dissatisfaction, and anti-fat attitudes: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"148","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-020-01093-1","article-title":"Is mindful eating sustainable and healthy? A focus on nutritional intake, food consumption, and plant-based dietary patterns among lean and normal-weight female university students in Japan","volume":"26","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord. Stud. Anorex. Bulim. Obes."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/nuf.12561","article-title":"Mindful eating, obesity, and risk of type 2 diabetes in university students: A cross-sectional study","volume":"56","author":"Kes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nurs. Forum"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2021.1947832","article-title":"Internalization of body image as a potential mediator of the relationship between body acceptance by others and intuitive eating","volume":"71","author":"Layman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Health"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2021.1996368","article-title":"A complex relationship between intuitive eating and diet quality among university students","volume":"71","author":"Lopez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Health"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"e2021265","article-title":"Reflection of eating awareness and life engagement of university students on the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic","volume":"23","author":"Nen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-020-01054-8","article-title":"Orthorexia nervosa, intuitive eating, and eating competence in female and male college students","volume":"26","author":"Rodgers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord. Stud. Anorex. Bulim. Obes."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2021.05.012","article-title":"Intuitive eating in light of other eating styles and motives: Experiences with construct validity and the Hungarian adaptation of the Intuitive Eating Scale-2","volume":"39","author":"Gajdos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2022.106167","article-title":"Boredom proneness, interoception, and emotional eating","volume":"178","author":"Ahlich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1177\/08901171211073870","article-title":"What Is Healthy Eating? Exploring Profiles of Intuitive Eating and Nutritionally Healthy Eating in College Women","volume":"36","author":"Belon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Promot."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2022.106133","article-title":"Food addiction among university students: The effect of mindful eating","volume":"177","author":"Bilgin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2017.01.016","article-title":"An Abbreviated Version of the Mindful Eating Questionnaire","volume":"49","author":"Clementi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Educ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katcher, J.A., Suminski, R.R., and Pacanowski, C.R. (2022). Impact of an Intuitive Eating Intervention on Disordered Eating Risk Factors in Female-Identifying Undergraduates: A Randomized Waitlist-Controlled Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912049"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/19325037.2022.2048748","article-title":"The Effect of Mood Change and Intuitive Eating Skills on Self-Regulation of Food Intake among Undergraduate College Students","volume":"53","author":"Lovan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Educ."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2022.2119402","article-title":"A snapshot of eating behaviors in undergraduate college students living in South Florida","volume":"9","author":"Lovan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Health"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mackenzie, K.M., Kerr, D.A., Whitton, C., Talati, Z., McCaffrey, T.A., and Mullan, B.A. (2022). Predicting Perceived Problems in Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Recalls: A Quantitative Think-Aloud Study Comparing Automated Self-Assisted 24-Hour Dietary Assessment Tool (ASA24\u00ae) and INTAKE24\u00a9 in University Students. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204281"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/08901171211036910","article-title":"Examining Race and Gender Differences in Associations Among Body Appreciation, Eudaimonic Psychological Well-Being, and Intuitive Eating and Exercising","volume":"36","author":"Romano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Promot."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.2021.1992334","article-title":"Self-Compassion, Mindful Eating, Eating Attitudes and Wellbeing Among Emerging Adults","volume":"156","author":"Shaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2022.2097090","article-title":"Social jet lag and eating styles in young adults","volume":"39","author":"Vrabec","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12661","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-021-02502-z","article-title":"Evaluating the psychometric properties of the mindful eating questionnaire: Turkish validity and reliability study","volume":"42","author":"Akik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2023.2267677","article-title":"Chronotype is associated with addiction-like eating behavior, mindful eating and ultra-processed food intake among undergraduate students","volume":"40","author":"Cetin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"e2023015","article-title":"Is intuitive eating linked to waist circumference and the waist-to-height ratio, both of which are risk factors for cardiometabolic disease?","volume":"25","author":"Cicek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2023.106761","article-title":"Examination of ecological validity of intuitive eating","volume":"188","author":"Loor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2023.101744","article-title":"A qualitative exploration of perceived barriers and facilitators to following an intuitive eating style","volume":"49","author":"Loor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2022.106416","article-title":"Group differences in binge eating, impulsivity, and intuitive and mindful eating among intermittent fasters and non-fasters","volume":"182","author":"Schueler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2023.107021","article-title":"Family cohesion and intuitive eating in Chinese college students: A serial mediation model","volume":"190","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221816","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1221816","article-title":"Sex and ethnic\/racial differences in disordered eating behaviors and intuitive eating among college student","volume":"14","author":"Yoon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2023.107073","article-title":"Associations of positive childhood experiences with binge-eating disorder characteristics and intuitive eating among college students","volume":"191","author":"Yoon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01063","article-title":"Optimizing Students\u2019 Mental Health and Academic Performance: AI-Enhanced Life Crafting","volume":"11","author":"Dekker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.03.054","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for mental health problems in university undergraduate students: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"287","author":"Sheldon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deliens, T., Clarys, P., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., and Deforche, B. (2014). Determinants of eating behaviour in university students: A qualitative study using focus group discussions. BMC Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-53"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2021.1891922","article-title":"Understanding changes in eating behavior during the transition to university from a self-determination theory perspective: A systematic review","volume":"71","author":"Maillet","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Health"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanel, P.H.P., and Vione, K.C. (2016). Do Student Samples Provide an Accurate Estimate of the General Public?. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168354"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23509","article-title":"Intuitive eating and its psychological correlates: A meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Linardon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105464","article-title":"The outcomes of mindfulness-based interventions for Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"166","author":"Mercado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2021.110592","article-title":"Two decades of mindfulness-based interventions for binge eating: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"149","author":"Grohmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2024.101844","article-title":"Intuitive eating and its influence on self-reported weight and eating behaviors","volume":"52","author":"Giacone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2018.10.011","article-title":"Intuitive, mindful, emotional, external and regulatory eating behaviours and beliefs: An investigation of the core components","volume":"132","author":"Kerin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-017-0770-6","article-title":"Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Attention and Exec-utive Function in Children and Adolescents\u2014A Systematic Review","volume":"9","author":"Mak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2015.10.012","article-title":"A systematic review of the psychosocial correlates of intuitive eating among adult women","volume":"96","author":"Bruce","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appetite"}],"container-title":["Healthcare"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9032\/12\/5\/572\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:07:19Z","timestamp":1760105239000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9032\/12\/5\/572"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["healthcare12050572"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare12050572","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9032"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9032","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]}}}