{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:16:23Z","timestamp":1768349783905,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Healthcare"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Although many studies analyse gender differences in the clinical expression of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and prevalence studies show that girls with ADHD are underdiagnosed, there are no instruments that are sensitive to the detection of girls with ADHD. Objective: The objective of this study is to develop a self-report early detection instrument for boys and girls with ADHD aged 7 to 16, which includes the gender perspective and is sensitive to the detection of girls with ADHD. Methods: The scale was developed and the items that comprised it were created from the thematic analysis of ADHD and its evaluation in children based on the diagnostic criteria of the DSM-5-TR. A modified e-Delphi method involving a three-round web survey was used to establish a consensus on the content of the scale. Ten experts were recruited to form a professional panel. The panel members were asked to assess the differential symptomatology of ADHD in boys and girls, the dimensions to be evaluated, and the importance of scale items to evaluate the content. Results: A consensus was reached regarding 13 total items distributed in three dimensions: inattention; hyperactivity\/impulsivity; and, a third dimension, internalisation, which includes symptoms most present in the expression of ADHD in girls. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, the development of this scale using the Delphi method is the first specific scale used for identifying ADHD that also addresses the gender perspective and the differential symptomatology between boys and girls. However, we must proceed to the analysis of psychometric properties, as the scale requires an exhaustive study of its reliability and validity. We can anticipate that this scale will provide relevant and reliable information that can be used for the identification of ADHD in both boys and girls.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12131282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T04:19:26Z","timestamp":1719461966000},"page":"1282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Development and Content Validation of a Clinical Screening Scale to Identify Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Cases Based on the Gender Perspective: An e-Delphi Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4430-3081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meritxell","family":"Perez-Beltran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Campus Sant Joan de D\u00e9u de Barcelona-Fundaci\u00f3 Privada, Calle Sant Benito Menni 18-20, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Facultat de Psicolog\u00eda, University of Barcelona, Pg. de la Vall d\u2019Hebron, 171, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Neuropsychologist at Avan Neurology Center, Carrer Estrella, 10, Sabadell, 08201 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7895-6083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Rold\u00e1n-Merino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Campus Sant Joan de D\u00e9u de Barcelona-Fundaci\u00f3 Privada, Calle Sant Benito Menni 18-20, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Mental Health, Psychosocial and Complex Nursing Care Research Group (NURSEARCH), University of Barcelona, Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, 585, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Maria Eugenia","family":"Russi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropediatrician in the Pediatric Neurology Service, Sant Joan de D\u00e9u Hospital, Pg. de Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, 2, 08950 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Maria Garau","family":"Rolandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Service and in the Learning Disorders Unit (UTAE), Sant Joan de Deu Hospital, 08950 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Psychology and Neurotherapy Centers, Carrer de Gresolet, 14, Sarri\u00e0-Sant Gervasi, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Roser","family":"Colome Roura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Service and in the Learning Disorders Unit (UTAE), Sant Joan de Deu Hospital, 08950 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9245-256X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Sampaio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing School of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 830, 844, 856, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Nursing School of Porto (ESEP), Rua Dr. Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, s\/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marta Dom\u00ednguez","family":"Del Campo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de D\u00e9u-Research Center, Carrer del Cam\u00ed Vell de la Col\u00f2nia, 25, 08830 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6151-3844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariona","family":"Farres-Tarafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Campus Sant Joan de D\u00e9u de Barcelona-Fundaci\u00f3 Privada, Calle Sant Benito Menni 18-20, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Barbara Hurtado","family":"Pardos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Campus Sant Joan de D\u00e9u de Barcelona-Fundaci\u00f3 Privada, Calle Sant Benito Menni 18-20, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8608-4481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 \u00c1ngel","family":"Alda D\u00edez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u of Barcelona, Pg. de Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, 2, 08950 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Children and Adolescent Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Santa Rosa, 08830 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.14.1100","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents. Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association","volume":"279","author":"Goldman","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2022). World Mental Health Report: Transforming Mental Health for All, WHO."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2021). Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation. Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx), WHO."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmclc.2022.08.001","article-title":"Sobre el Trastorno por D\u00e9ficit de Atenci\u00f3n e Hiperactividad: Consolidaciones, Actualizaciones y Perspectivas","volume":"33","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. M\u00e9dica Cl\u00ednica Las Condes"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"609","article-title":"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Clinical Manifestations and Evolution. Diagnosis from Scientific Evidence","volume":"18","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr\u00eda Integral"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"American Psychological Association (2001). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, American Psychological Association. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-019-01338-0","article-title":"Developmental Trajectories of Childhood Symptoms of Hyperactivity\/Inattention and Suicidal Behavior During Adolescence","volume":"29","author":"Forte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718000545","article-title":"Long-term effects of stimulant treatment on ADHD symptoms, social-emotional functioning, and cognition","volume":"49","author":"Schweren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zendarski, N., Sciberras, E., Mensah, F., and Hiscock, H. (2016). A longitudinal study of risk and protective factors associated with successful transition to secondary school in youth with ADHD: Prospective cohort study protocol. BMC Pediatr., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-016-0555-4"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-016-0175-3","article-title":"Neurocognitive Predictors of ADHD Outcome: A 6-year follow-up study","volume":"45","author":"Luman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.01.006","article-title":"Prospective Association of Childhood Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Substance Use and Abuse\/Dependence: A Meta-Analytic Review","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0844","article-title":"Health-Related Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents Who Have a Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"114","author":"Klassen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2006.00609.x","article-title":"Agreement Between Parent and Child Report of Quality of Life in Children with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"32","author":"Klassen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Young, S., Adamo, N., \u00c1sgeirsd\u00f3ttir, B.B., Branney, P., Beckett, M., Colley, W., Cubbin, S., Deeley, Q., Farrag, E., and Gudjonsson, G. (2020). Females with ADHD: An expert consensus statement taking a lifespan approach providing guidance for the identification and treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in girls and women. BMC Psychiatry, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02707-9"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.06.028","article-title":"Sex Differences in Neuropsychological Functioning Among Children with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"278","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.05.005","article-title":"Gender differences in adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A narrative review","volume":"40","author":"Williamson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2010.01.006","article-title":"Gender differences in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"33","author":"Rucklidge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.8.4.643","article-title":"Gender differences in ADHD: Implications for psychosocial treatments","volume":"8","author":"Rucklidge","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199708000-00011","article-title":"Gender Differences in ADHD: A Meta-Analysis and Critical Review","volume":"36","author":"Gaub","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/108705470200500302","article-title":"A Meta-Analytic Review of Gender Differences in ADHD","volume":"5","author":"Gershon","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13480","article-title":"Annual Research Review: Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder in Girls and Women: Underrepresentation, Longitudinal Processes, and Key Directions","volume":"63","author":"Hinshaw","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2011.581621","article-title":"The impact of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder on preadolescent adjustment may be greater for girls than for boys","volume":"40","author":"Elkins","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"PCC.13r01596","article-title":"A Review of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder in Women and Girls: Uncovering This Hidden Diagnosis","volume":"16","author":"Quinn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prim. Care Companion CNS Disord."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-005-2694-y","article-title":"Gender appropriateness of symptom criteria for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional-defiant disorder, and conduct disorder","volume":"35","author":"Ohan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev. Summer"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026582","article-title":"Is ADHD Diagnosed in Accordance with Diagnostic Criteria? Overdiagnosis and Influence of Client Gender on Diagnosis","volume":"80","author":"Margraf","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2020.1850859","article-title":"The road to diagnosis and treatment in girls and boys with ADHD\u2014Gender differences in the diagnostic process","volume":"75","author":"Kantzer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nord. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-023-00774-6","article-title":"Sex and Gender in Neurodevelopmental Conditions","volume":"19","author":"Neufeld","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1419","article-title":"ADHD-Related Sex Differences in Emotional Symptoms Across Development","volume":"35","author":"Rice","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilbert, M., Boecker, M., Reiss, F., Kaman, A., Erhart, M., Schlack, R., Westenh\u00f6fer, J., D\u00f6pfner, M., and Ravens-Sieberer, U. (2023). Gender and Age Differences in ADHD Symptoms and Co-Occurring Depression and Anxiety Symptoms Among Children and Adolescents in the BELLA Study. Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-023-01622-w"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Rossi, P., Pretelli, I., Menghini, D., D\u2019Aiello, B., Di Vara, S., and Vicari, S. (2022). Gender-Related Clinical Characteristics in Children and Adolescents with ADHD. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11020385"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000153232.64968.c1","article-title":"Gender Differences in ADHD Subtype Comorbidity","volume":"44","author":"Levy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059421993340","article-title":"Behavioral and Neurophysiological Markers of ADHD in Children, Adolescents, and Adults: A Large-Scale Clinical Study","volume":"52","author":"Candrian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. EEG Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000714","article-title":"Sex Differences in Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"32","author":"May","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12337","article-title":"Sex differences in ADHD symptom severity","volume":"56","author":"Arnett","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.1.36","article-title":"Influence of gender on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children referred to a psychiatric clinic","volume":"159","author":"Biederman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-006-1003-z","article-title":"Influence of gender on attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in Europe\u2014ADORE","volume":"15","author":"Hervas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"217","article-title":"Sex and age differences in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and diagnoses: Implications for DSM-V and ICD-11","volume":"49","author":"Ramtekkar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-012-0135-8","article-title":"The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review","volume":"9","author":"Willcutt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Development Group of the Clinical Practice (2010). Guideline on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children and Adolescents. Clinical Practice Guideline on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children and Adolescents, Ag\u00e8ncia d\u2019informaci\u00f3, Avaluaci\u00f3 i Qualitat (AIAQS) of Catalonia. Quality Plan for the National Health System of the Ministry of Health, Social Policies and Equality."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skogli, E.W., Teicher, M.H., Andersen, P.N., Hovik, K.T., and \u00d8ie, M. (2013). ADHD in girls and boys\u2014Gender differences in co-existing symptoms and executive function measures. BMC Psychiatry, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-13-298"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2022.03.010","article-title":"Measurement Informed Care in Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)","volume":"31","author":"Weiss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giofr\u00e8, D., Toffalini, E., Esposito, L., and Cornoldi, C. (2023). Gender Differences in the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children in a Large Group of Italian Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J. Intell., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence11090178"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsab132","article-title":"National Norms for the Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Parent Rating Scale in Children","volume":"47","author":"Anderson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e328229","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000032829","article-title":"Use of Delphi in health sciences research: A narrative review","volume":"102","author":"Shang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.5662\/wjm.v11.i4.116","article-title":"Delphi methodology in healthcare research: How to decide its appropriateness","volume":"11","author":"Nasa","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7489(00)00044-4","article-title":"A critical review of the Delphi technique as a research methodology for nursing","volume":"38","author":"Keeney","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"9","article-title":"The Delphi Method and the Investigation in Health Services","volume":"14","author":"Gallardo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"90","article-title":"Description and uses of the Delphi method in health research","volume":"1","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Med. Educ."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"253","article-title":"El m\u00e9todo Delphi Para la Consulta a Expertos en la Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica","volume":"39","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Cuba. De Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"779","article-title":"Differential Item Functioning in the Assessment of ADHD Symptomatology as a Function of Gender and Scoring Format","volume":"12","author":"Arias","year":"2013","journal-title":"Univ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022620217886","article-title":"Assessing culturally different students for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder using behavior rating scales","volume":"26","author":"Reid","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"655","article-title":"How to Use the Nominal Group and Delphi Techniques","volume":"38","author":"McMillan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enfie.2020.09.003","article-title":"Essential elements to elaborate a study with the (e)Delphi method","volume":"32","year":"2021","journal-title":"Enfermer\u00eda Intensiv."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2020.1867634","article-title":"Who predict ADHD with better diagnostic accuracy: Parents or teachers?","volume":"75","author":"Uysal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nord. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda P\u00e9rez, E.M., and Magaz, A. (2000). EACP. Magellan Scales of Problem Behaviour Areas, COHS, Consultores en Ciencias Humanas."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Ferr\u00e9, A., and Narbona, J. (2001). Scale for the Evaluation of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Ediciones TEA."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Conners, C.K. (2008). Conners, Multi-Health Systems Inc.. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barkley, R., and Barkley, A. (2012). Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale-Children and Adolescents (BDEFS-CA), Guilford Press.","DOI":"10.1037\/t37378-000"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DuPaul, G.J., Thomas, J.P., Anastopoulos, A.D., and Reid, R. (2016). ADHD Rating Scale-5 for Children and Adolescents, Guilford Press. Revised Edition. Checklists, Norms, and Clinical Interpretation.","DOI":"10.1037\/t05638-000"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.2002.12086165","article-title":"Self-Concept of Students with Learning Disabilities: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"31","author":"Bear","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sch. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-010-0043-x","article-title":"Self-perception of self-regulatory skills in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder aged 8-10 years","volume":"2","author":"Rizzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"ADHD Atten. Deficit Hyperact. Disord."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsy109","article-title":"Positive illusory bias still illusory? Investigating discrepant self-perception in girls with ADHD","volume":"44","author":"Tu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13574","article-title":"ADHD in Girls and Women: A Call to Action-Reflections on Hinshaw et al. (2021)","volume":"63","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2009.00984.x","article-title":"Recognition and Referral of Girls with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Case Vignette Study","volume":"35","author":"Groenewald","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev."}],"container-title":["Healthcare"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9032\/12\/13\/1282\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:05:55Z","timestamp":1760108755000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9032\/12\/13\/1282"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["healthcare12131282"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare12131282","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9032"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9032","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]}}}