{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T22:32:37Z","timestamp":1776378757625,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia","award":["402,882\/2020-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402,882\/2020-2"]}]},{"name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/05704\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05704\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/05704\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05704\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Inova\u00e7\u00f5es e Comunica\u00e7\u00f5es (FNDCT\/MCTIC)","award":["402,882\/2020-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402,882\/2020-2"]}]},{"name":"Inova\u00e7\u00f5es e Comunica\u00e7\u00f5es (FNDCT\/MCTIC)","award":["UIDB\/05704\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05704\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Inova\u00e7\u00f5es e Comunica\u00e7\u00f5es (FNDCT\/MCTIC)","award":["UIDP\/05704\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05704\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade (MS)","award":["402,882\/2020-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402,882\/2020-2"]}]},{"name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade (MS)","award":["UIDB\/05704\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05704\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade (MS)","award":["UIDP\/05704\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05704\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq)\u2014Processo","award":["402,882\/2020-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402,882\/2020-2"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq)\u2014Processo","award":["UIDB\/05704\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05704\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq)\u2014Processo","award":["UIDP\/05704\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05704\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["402,882\/2020-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402,882\/2020-2"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/05704\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05704\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/05704\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05704\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Employment Stimulus\u2014Institutional Call","award":["402,882\/2020-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402,882\/2020-2"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Employment Stimulus\u2014Institutional Call","award":["UIDB\/05704\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05704\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Employment Stimulus\u2014Institutional Call","award":["UIDP\/05704\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05704\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Healthcare"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The persistence of symptoms for more than three months following infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is referred to as \u201cLong COVID\u201d. To gain a deeper understanding of the etiology and long-term progression of symptoms, this study aims to analyze the prevalence of Long COVID and its associated factors in a cohort of Brazilian adults and elders, twelve months after hospital discharge. An observational, prospective, and follow-up study was performed with a cohort of adults and older adults diagnosed with COVID-19 in 2020 in the State of Paran\u00e1, Brazil. Twelve months after hospital discharge, patients answered a phone questionnaire about the persistence of symptoms after three levels of exposure to COVID-19\u2019s acute phase (ambulatory, medical ward, and intensive care unit). According to the characteristics of participants, the prevalence of Long COVID-19 was calculated, and logistic regression analyses were conducted. We analyzed data from 1822 participants (980 adults [\u226518\u2013&lt;60 years] and 842 older people [\u226560 years]) across three exposure levels. The overall Long COVID prevalence was 64.2%. Long COVID was observed in 646 adults (55%; of which 326 were women) and 523 older people (45%; of which 284 were women). Females had a higher prevalence of long-term symptoms (52%) compared with men. The most common post-COVID-19 conditions in the 12-month follow-up were neurological (49.8%), followed by musculoskeletal (35.1%) and persistent respiratory symptoms (26.5%). Male individuals were less likely to develop Long COVID (aOR = 0.50). Other determinants were also considered risky, such as the presence of comorbidities (aOR = 1.41). Being an adult and having been hospitalized was associated with the development of Long COVID. The risk of developing Long COVID was twice as high for ward patients (aOR = 2.53) and three times as high for ICU patients (aOR = 3.56) when compared to non-hospitalized patients. Presenting clinical manifestations of digestive (aOR = 1.56), endocrine (aOR = 2.14), cutaneous (aOR = 2.51), musculoskeletal (aOR = 2.76) and psychological systems (aOR = 1.66) made adults more likely to develop Long COVID. Long COVID was present in a large proportion of people affected by the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Presence of Long COVID symptoms displayed a dose\u2013response relationship with the level of disease exposure, with a greater prevalence of symptoms associated with the severe form in the acute period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12141443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T09:14:53Z","timestamp":1721380493000},"page":"1443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Long COVID among Brazilian Adults and Elders 12 Months after Hospital Discharge: A Population-Based Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Maria Aparecida","family":"Salci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}]},{"given":"L\u00edgia","family":"Carreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7239-4289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natan Nascimento","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7116-0533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natan David","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Rocha","family":"Covre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Giovanna Brichi","family":"Pesce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3373-1654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosana Rosseto","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2572-8789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla Franciele","family":"H\u00f6ring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Estat\u00edstica, Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9750-3576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanessa Cristina","family":"Baccon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6450-5599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Puente Alcaraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, University of Burgos, Paseo de los Comendadores, s\/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain"}]},{"given":"Giovana Alves","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ludmila Lopes Maciel","family":"Bolsoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7323-0884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez Carmona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Enfermer\u00eda, Universidad de Antofagasta, #02800, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Ricardo Nickenig","family":"Vissoci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Medicine Division, Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA"},{"name":"Division of Global Neurosurgery and Neurology, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA"}]},{"given":"Luiz Augusto","family":"Facchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Social, Faculdade de Medicina e Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Epidemiologia e Sa\u00fade da Fam\u00edlia e Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-610, RS, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1080-9535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Laranjeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic University of Leiria, Campus 2, Morro do Lena, Alto do Vieiro, Apartado 4137, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Polytechnic University of Leiria, Campus 5, Rua das Olhalvas, 2414-016 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of \u00c9vora, 7000-801 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, April 01). 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