{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T15:25:23Z","timestamp":1775661923143,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union","award":["101089869\u2014TELEexe4ALL\u2014ERASMUS-SPORT-2022-SCP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101089869\u2014TELEexe4ALL\u2014ERASMUS-SPORT-2022-SCP"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["UIDB\/04045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04045\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["101089869\u2014TELEexe4ALL\u2014ERASMUS-SPORT-2022-SCP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101089869\u2014TELEexe4ALL\u2014ERASMUS-SPORT-2022-SCP"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04045\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Healthcare"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This research explored how tele-exercise influenced physical fitness and mental well-being in individuals with and without disabilities and with different training habits. Methods: One hundred and ninety-three participants were categorized into two groups: athletes and non-athletes. Participants were involved in either synchronous or asynchronous tele-exercise programs of two or three sessions of workouts per week, lasting eight weeks. Psychological well-being was evaluated pre- vs. post-intervention by the WHO-Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5), Psychological General Well-Being Index (PGWBI), and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). Fitness assessment tools included the 2-minute step test, curl-up test, forward bending test, and squat test. Body weight was also assessed pre- and post-intervention. Results: The analysis showed a significant increment in all fitness scores (p-value ranged from &lt;0.001 to 0.015) with no change in body weight. Psychological tests indicated an overall increment in the participants\u2019 well-being measured by the WHO-5 and unexpectedly, also in the stress level assessed through PSS-10. Conclusions: Enabled by technology, tele-exercise provides a flexible and convenient complementary approach to conventional workouts, helping individuals maintain an active lifestyle and improve their well-being. Positive effects on the sedentary population\u2019s lifestyles are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13040354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T11:03:51Z","timestamp":1738926231000},"page":"354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Tele-Exercise for Fitness: Physical and Psychological Outcomes in Athletes and Non-Athletes\u2019 Trainees"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4547-3130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enzo","family":"Iuliano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6009-4465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Zimatore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8667-1416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Fabbrizio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4679-286X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"De Giorgio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6204-9032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Sausa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy"}]},{"given":"Barbara Maria","family":"Matteo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2177-5974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Angilletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4996-1414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Machado","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Sport Sciences Departments, University of Tra\u2019s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7404-6923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno D.","family":"Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Sport Sciences Departments, University of Tra\u2019s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5399-7797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Vila\u00e7a-Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Sport Sciences Departments, University of Tra\u2019s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4038-3005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Peixoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Sport Sciences Departments, University of Tra\u2019s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Perusina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rijeka Sports Association for Persons with Disabilities, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Aristova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian Sports Federations, LV-1013 Riga, Latvia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6227-3571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Baldari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5109-2070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Macaluso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8958-525X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Fucarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7992-2344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Cantoia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newbold, J.W., Rudnicka, A., and Cox, A. 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