{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T07:45:30Z","timestamp":1768549530217,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010790","name":"Erasmus+ programme of the European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024-1-BE01-KA210-VET-000251165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-1-BE01-KA210-VET-000251165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010790","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Healthcare"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Pharmacy technicians are increasingly involved in immunization services, enhancing vaccine accessibility and reducing pharmacies\u2019 workload. This scoping review aims to (1) provide a comprehensive overview of pharmacy technicians\u2019 involvement in immunization services across various healthcare settings and countries, and (2) conduct a comparative analysis of training curricula for pharmacy technicians on immunization. Methods: A scoping review was conducted following the Arksey and O\u2019Malley framework. A comprehensive search of the PubMed and Scopus databases was performed using keywords and MeSH terms such as \u201cpharmacy technician(s)\u201d, \u201cimmunization\u201d, \u201cvaccination\u201d, \u201crole\u201d, and \u201cinvolvement\u201d. Studies included assessed pharmacy technicians\u2019 roles in vaccine administration, training, and public health outcomes. Descriptive and thematic analyses were used to synthesize the findings. In addition, a supplementary analysis of immunization training curricula was conducted, reviewing programs from different countries to identify similarities, differences, and gaps in course structure, content, and delivery formats. Lastly, a comprehensive toolkit was developed, offering guidelines intended to facilitate the implementation of immunization training programs. Results: A total of 35 articles met the inclusion criteria, primarily from the United States of America (n = 30), Canada (n = 2), Ethiopia (n = 1), Denmark (n = 1) and United Kingdom (n = 1). The findings indicate that pharmacy technicians contribute significantly to vaccine administration, patient education, and workflow optimization, particularly in community pharmacies. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated their involvement in immunization programs. Key challenges include regulatory barriers, a lack of standardized training, and resistance from other healthcare professionals. Facilitators include legislative support (e.g., the PREP Act), structured training programs, and collaborative pharmacist\u2013technician models. Conclusions: Pharmacy technicians can play a vital role in expanding immunization services, improving vaccine uptake, and reducing pharmacist workload. Addressing regulatory inconsistencies, enhancing training, and fostering interprofessional collaboration are crucial for their effective integration of immunization programs. Since immunization by pharmacy technicians is not yet allowed in many EU countries, this review will provide a foundational basis to address their potential to support the healthcare workforce and improve access to immunization services.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13151862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:00:41Z","timestamp":1753884041000},"page":"1862","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pharmacy Technicians in Immunization Services: Mapping Roles and Responsibilities Through a Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9015-2259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Valeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"European Association of Pharmacy Technicians, B-1080 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9402-0341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edtor","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de Coimbra, EPE, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4818-2803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Balteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Coimbra, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Diane","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biotechnology, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7434-3223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilberto","family":"Bezerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biotechnology, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Mealiff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biotechnology, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6279-1421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiano","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Association of Pharmacy Technicians, B-1080 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3972-8253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c2ngelo","family":"Jesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9979-0062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Joaquim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Coimbra, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japh.2022.06.008","article-title":"The impact of pharmacist involvement on immunization uptake and other outcomes: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"62","author":"Le","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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