{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:54:09Z","timestamp":1775091249834,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"National Funds from the FCT (Foundation for Science and Technology)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/04045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Healthcare"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Considering the absence of research testing the entire sequence of passion, behavioral regulation, and subjective well-being (SWB), this study aimed to analyze the hypothetical causal relationships between the variables of a model that integrates the Dualistic Passion Model (DMP) and Self-Determination Theory (SDT) in order to understand the impact of harmonious passion (HP) and obsessive passion (OP) and the regulation of motivation on the SWB of elite athletes with disability. Method: This study includes 143 elite athletes from national adapted sports (36 female; 107 male) aged between 15 and 59 (M = 29.21; SD = 10.45). Weekly training sessions ranged from 1 to 12 (M = 4.52; SD = 2.71), and the years of competitive practice ranged from 1 to 28 (M = 5.55; SD = 6.98). Data were collected using valid and reliable questionnaires for the study population and analyzed using structural equation analysis. The following results were identified: a positive and a significant effect between OP and self-determination motivation (SDM); a positive but not a significant effect between OP and non-self-determination motivation (NSDM); a significant effect between SDM and SWL and SDM and positive affect (PA); and, finally, a positive but non-significant effect between SDM and negative affect (NA). In contrast, there is a positive and significant effect between HP and SDM; a negative and significant effect between HP and NSDM; a positive but non-significant effect between NSDM and SWL; a negative and significant effect between NSDM and PA; and, finally, a positive and significant effect between NSDM and NA. Conclusions: The perception of passion regarding sport can be a positive predictor of SDM, which, in turn, can influence levels of SWB, both from a cognitive point of view (SWL) and from an emotional point of view (PA). This reinforces the positive effect of the self-determination behavior in adapted sport on SWB and its contribution to health and quality of life in people with disabilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13151919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T10:13:51Z","timestamp":1754475231000},"page":"1919","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Passion, Motivation, and Subjective Well-Being in Sport for People with Disabilities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8156-3291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Cid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University (ESDRM-IPSantar\u00e9m), 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-558 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4402-1973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anabela","family":"Vitorino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University (ESDRM-IPSantar\u00e9m), 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-558 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9875-6986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Bento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University (ESDRM-IPSantar\u00e9m), 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-558 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4587-5903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lus\u00f3fona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sport, Physical Education, and Exercise and Health (CIDEFES), 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5055-2696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Duarte-Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports and Well-Being, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6000-084 Castelo Branco, Portugal"},{"name":"Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), 6000-084 Castelo Branco, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8529-5546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Couto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University (ESDRM-IPSantar\u00e9m), 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-558 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Sherrill, C. (2004). Adapted Physical Activity, Recreation, and Sport: Crossdisciplinary and Lifespan, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2013.802377","article-title":"Benefits and Barriers to Physical Activity for Individuals with Disabilities: A Social-Relational Model of Disability Perspective","volume":"35","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dehghansai, N., Pinder, R.A., and Baker, J. (2021). \u201cLooking for a Golden Needle in the Haystack\u201d: Perspectives on Talent Identification and Development in Paralympic Sport. Front. Sports Act. Living, 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2021.635977"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Needs and Strengths of Australian Para-Athletes: Identifying Their Subjective Psychological, Social, and Physical Health and Well-Being","volume":"30","author":"Macdougall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.017","article-title":"Broadening the Conceptualization of Participation of Persons with Physical Disabilities: A Configurative Review and Recommendations","volume":"98","author":"Evans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.1993.tb00386.x","article-title":"Psychological Benefits of Sports for Disabled People: A Review","volume":"3","author":"Hutzter","year":"1993","journal-title":"Scand. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Rodr\u00edguez, A., Gostian-Ropotin, L.A., Beltr\u00e1n-Velasco, A.I., Belando-Pedre\u00f1o, N., Sim\u00f3n, J.A., L\u00f3pez-Mora, C., Navarro-Jim\u00e9nez, E., Tornero-Aguilera, J.F., and Clemente-Su\u00e1rez, V.J. (2024). Sporting Mind: The Interplay of Physical Activity and Psychological Health. Sports, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports12010037"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deci, E., and Ryan, R. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior, Plenum Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-2271-7"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryan, R., and Deci, E. (2017). Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness, Guilford Press.","DOI":"10.1521\/978.14625\/28806"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327965PLI1104_01","article-title":"The \u201cWhat\u201d and \u201cWhy\u201d of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior","volume":"11","author":"Deci","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol. Inq."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.1.68","article-title":"Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being","volume":"55","author":"Ryan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12218","article-title":"Barriers to and Facilitators of Sports Participation for People with Physical Disabilities: A Systematic Review","volume":"24","author":"Jaarsma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.85.4.756","article-title":"Les Passions de l\u2019ame: On Obsessive and Harmonious Passion","volume":"85","author":"Vallerand","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026377","article-title":"From Motivation to Passion: In Search of the Motivational Processes Involved in a Meaningful Life","volume":"53","author":"Vallerand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. Psychol.\/Psychol. Can."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01207052","article-title":"Assessing Subjective Well-Being: Progress and Opportunities","volume":"31","author":"Diener","year":"1994","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1758-0854.2010.01045.x","article-title":"Happy People Live Longer: Subjective Well-Being Contributes to Health and Longevity","volume":"3","author":"Diener","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol. Health Well-Being"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bento, T., Vitorino, A., Cid, L., Monteiro, D., and Couto, N. (2024). Analysing the Relation between Passion, Motivation, and Subjective Well-Being in Sport: A Systematic Review. Sports, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports12100279"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"65","article-title":"Psychosocial Aspects of Youth Disability Sport","volume":"23","author":"Martin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adapt. Phys. Act. Q."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/00222216.2011.11950233","article-title":"Identity Negotiating: Redefining Stigmatized Identities through Adaptive Sports and Recreation Participation among Individuals with a Disability","volume":"43","author":"Lundberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Leis. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.87","article-title":"Physical Activity and Subjective Well-Being among People with Spinal Cord Injury: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"48","author":"Jetha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/10413209908404199","article-title":"A Personal Development Model of Sport Psychology for Athletes with Disabilities","volume":"11","author":"Martin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacinto, M., Couto, N., Vitorino, A., Bento, T., Matos, R., Monteiro, D., Amaro, N., Antunes, R., and Cid, L. (2025). Sports Experience, Affects and Life Satisfaction in Portuguese Athletes with Disabilities. BMC Psychol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-02247-x"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallerand, R. (2015). The Psychology of Passion: A Dualistic Model|Oxford Academic, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199777600.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8919","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-021-02186-5","article-title":"The Dualistic Model of Passion in Adapted Sport: A Double-Serial Mediation Analysis on Satisfaction with Life","volume":"42","author":"Teixeira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1177\/0031512519849744","article-title":"The Passion Scale\u2014Portuguese Version: Reliability, Validity, and Invariance of Gender and Sport","volume":"126","author":"Cid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Ski."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"145","article-title":"Validation of the Behavioural Regulation in Sport Questionnaire in Portuguese Athletes","volume":"27","author":"Monteiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Psicol. Deporte"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagger, M., and Chatzisarantis, N. (2007). Measurement Issues in Self-Determination Theory and Sport. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Exercise and Sport, Human Kinetics.","DOI":"10.5040\/9781718206632"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"484","article-title":"Examining the Motivational Determinants of Enjoyment and the Intention to Continue of Persistent Competitive Swimmers","volume":"49","author":"Monteiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.14198\/jhse.2020.152.08","article-title":"Physical Activity and Affect of the Elderly: Contribution to the Validation of the Positive and Negative Affect Shedule (PANAS) in the Portuguese Population","volume":"15","author":"Antunes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hum. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"24","article-title":"Physical Activity and Satisfaction with the Life of the Elderly: Contribution to the Validation of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (Swls) in the Portuguese Population","volume":"14","author":"Antunes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. Psicol. Ejerc. Deporte"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. JAMA, 310, 2191.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Kline, R.B. (2016). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, Guilford Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1177\/01466216970212006","article-title":"Estimation of Composite Reliability for Congeneric Measures","volume":"21","author":"Raykov","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., and Anderson, R.E. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis, Cengage. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Mark. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Byrne, B. (2006). Structural Equation Modeling with EQS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming, Routledge. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328007sem1103_2","article-title":"In Search of Golden Rules: Comment on Hypothesis-Testing Approaches to Setting Cutoff Values for Fit Indexes and Dangers in Overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler\u2019s (1999) Findings","volume":"11","author":"Marsh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model. A Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.40.3.879","article-title":"Asymptotic and Resampling Strategies for Assessing and Comparing Indirect Effects in Multiple Mediator Models","volume":"40","author":"Preacher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Hayes, A. (2022). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: Third Edition: A Regression-Based Approach, Guilford Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr3901_4","article-title":"Confidence Limits for the Indirect Effect: Distribution of the Product and Resampling Methods","volume":"39","author":"MacKinnon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Multivar. Behav. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Byrne, B.M. (2010). Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming, Routledge\/Taylor & Francis Group. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0803_2","article-title":"Performance of Bootstrapping Approaches to Model Test Statistics and Parameter Standard Error Estimation in Structural Equation Modeling","volume":"8","author":"Nevitt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.28.4.454","article-title":"Passion in Sport: A Look at Determinants and Affective Experiences","volume":"28","author":"Vallerand","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2007.05.003","article-title":"Passion and Performance Attainment in Sport","volume":"9","author":"Vallerand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Zanna, M.P. (2010). On Passion for Life Activities: The Dualistic Model of Passion. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2011.04.005","article-title":"Peer Influence on Young Athletes\u2019 Need Satisfaction, Intrinsic Motivation and Persistence in Sport: A 12-Month Prospective Study","volume":"12","author":"Hein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2011.12.001","article-title":"Youth Athletes\u2019 Perception of Autonomy Support from the Coach, Peer Motivational Climate and Intrinsic Motivation in Sport Setting: One-Year Effects","volume":"13","author":"Hein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monteiro, D., Teixeira, D.S., Travassos, B., Duarte-Mendes, P., Mout\u00e3o, J., Machado, S., and Cid, L. (2018). Perceived Effort in Football Athletes: The Role of Achievement Goal Theory and Self-Determination Theory. Front. Psychol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01575"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014805132406","article-title":"Associations Among Perceived Autonomy Support, Forms of Self-Regulation, and Persistence: A Prospective Study","volume":"25","author":"Pelletier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Motiv. Emot."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.98","article-title":"Motivation and Dropout in Female Handballers: A 21-Month Prospective Study","volume":"32","author":"Sarrazin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Deci, E.L., and Ryan, R.M. (2002). The Self-Concordance Model of Healthy Goal Striving: When Personal Goals Correctly Represent the Person. Handbook of Self-Determination Research, University of Rochester Press."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallerand, R.J. (2007). A Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation for Sport and Physical Activity. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Exercise and Sport, Human Kinetics.","DOI":"10.5040\/9781718206632.ch-017"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2017.01.009","article-title":"The Two Roads from Passion to Sport Performance and Psychological Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Need Satisfaction, Deliberate Practice, and Achievement Goals","volume":"30","author":"Vallerand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Deci, E.L., and Ryan, R.M. (2002). The Integrating Self and Conscious Experience. Handbook of Self-Determination Research, University of Rochester Press."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, J.J. (2018). Handbook of Disability Sport and Exercise Psychology, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190638054.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanlandewijck, Y., and Thompson, W. (2011). Psychology. Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science\u2014The Paralympic Athlete, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444328356"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2017.06.004","article-title":"Motivational Processes in the Coach-Athlete Relationship: A Multi-Cultural Self-Determination Approach","volume":"32","author":"Jowett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"421","article-title":"Sport Participation for Elite Athletes with Physical Disabilities: Motivations, Barriers, and Facilitators","volume":"34","author":"McLoughlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adapt. Phys. Act. Q."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryan, R., and Deci, E. (2007). Introduction: Active Human Nature: Self-Determination Theory and the Promotion and Maintenance of Sport, Exercise, and Health. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Exercise and Sport, Human Kineticks.","DOI":"10.5040\/9781718206632.0007"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000125","article-title":"Testing a Continuum Structure of Self-Determined Motivation: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"143","author":"Howard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"223","article-title":"Propuesta de un modelo explicativo del bienestar psicol\u00f3gico en el contexto deportivo","volume":"20","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Psicol. Deporte"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"50","article-title":"Changes in Perceived Autonomy Support, Need Satisfaction, Motivation, and Well-Being in Young Elite Athletes","volume":"4","author":"Stenling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sport Exerc. Perform. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200.2013.819392","article-title":"Transformational Leadership and Well-Being in Sports: The Mediating Role of Need Satisfaction","volume":"26","author":"Stenling","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"123","article-title":"Apoyo a La Autonom\u00eda, Satisfacti\u00f3n de Las Necesidades, Motivaci\u00f3n y Bienestar En Deportistas de Competici\u00f3n: Un An\u00e1lisis de La Teor\u00eda de La Autodeterminaci\u00f3n. [Autonomy Support, Needs Satisfaction, Motivation and Well-Being in Competitive Athletes: A Test of the Self-Determination Theory.]","volume":"17","author":"Balaguer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Psicol. Deporte"}],"container-title":["Healthcare"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9032\/13\/15\/1919\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:24:09Z","timestamp":1760034249000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9032\/13\/15\/1919"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["healthcare13151919"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare13151919","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9032"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9032","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]}}}