{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T14:30:51Z","timestamp":1768228251744,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Healthcare"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Studies on the association between cognitive and physical fitness in older adults from particularly vulnerable settings are scarce. This study aims to analyse the relationship between different protocols for assessing physical fitness and the cognitive function of low-income older adults. Methods: A total of 312 adults aged 60\u201396 years (M age = 72.63, SD= 7.81) living in the urban area of Amazonas, Brazil, participated in the study. The following measures of physical fitness were assessed: body composition, handgrip strength, the Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test and Senior Fitness Tests. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Linear regression models were used to analyse the relationship between physical function measures and cognitive function. Results: For men, only the 30-chair stand test power (\u03b2 = 0.33, p &lt; 0.001) presented favourable association with cognitive function. For women, significant associations between MMSE score were observed for every fitness test, except for the chair sit-and-reach test. Conclusions: Physical fitness is differently associated with cognitive function among low-income older men and women from Amazonas. Muscular fitness particularly seems to be an important indicator of cognitive function. It should be considered for monitoring, promoting, and managing health-ageing of low-income elderly populations of both sexes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare14020185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T10:25:23Z","timestamp":1768213523000},"page":"185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Link Between Physical Fitness and Cognitive Function in Vulnerable Low-Income Older Adults from Amazonas, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3780-6545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duarte","family":"Henriques-Neto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University of Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6623-5839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex Barreto","family":"de Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Course of Physical Education, Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus 69058-030, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6072-6012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Peralta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"ISAMB, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9850-7771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adilson","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"ISAMB, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3577-3439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo de Maio","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Vale do S\u00e3o Francisco, Petrolina 56304-917, Brazil"},{"name":"Swiss Center of Expertise in Life Course Research LIVES, 1227 Carouge, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9845-5190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Ihle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Center of Expertise in Life Course Research LIVES, 1227 Carouge, Switzerland"},{"name":"Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, 1227 Carouge, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, 1227 Carouge, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2023). 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