{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T08:52:23Z","timestamp":1778403143762,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":212,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Healthcare"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a systematic healthcare system developed from clinical experience based on a scientific model of regulation. TCM relies on unique theories and practices to treat diseases and enhance health. These practices include Chinese herbal medicine and dietetics, acupuncture and moxibustion, and other non-medication therapies such as Chinese bodywork or manual therapy, known as \u201cTuina\u201d, and traditional biofeedback exercises, known as \u201cQigong\u201d and \u201cTaijiquan\u201d. The integration of TCM in Western health systems and research requires a rational communicable theory, scientific proof of efficacy and safety, and quality control measures. Understanding the structural concepts of the TCM language makes possible the parallelism to Western physiology, and the inherent rational use of the reflex therapeutic systems, anti-inflammatory mechanisms and mental training involved, for example, in acupuncture and \u201cQigong\u201d. The results of TCM clinical trials and fundamental research on its nature and mechanisms have encouraged the development and application of well-designed research strategies such as double blinding in acupucture to overcome limitations and resistances in integrating these practices into the existing biomedical paradigms of the West. This review aims to overview some TCM theoretical concepts and the evidence-based clinical application of TCM\u2019s leading practices to create an easy-to-consult and condensed source of information, available for the healthcare community, facilitating the understanding and communication between conventional health professionals and TCM practitioners and acupuncturists.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9030257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T10:25:18Z","timestamp":1614594318000},"page":"257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":239,"title":["Understanding Traditional Chinese Medicine Therapeutics: An Overview of the Basics and Clinical Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2698-3151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Carlos","family":"Matos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CBSIn\u2014Centro de Bioci\u00eancias em Sa\u00fade Integrativa, Atl\u00e2ntico Business School, 4405-604 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"},{"name":"CTEC\u2014Centro Transdisciplinar de Estudos da Consci\u00eancia, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4570-5445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Pereira","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBSIn\u2014Centro de Bioci\u00eancias em Sa\u00fade Integrativa, Atl\u00e2ntico Business School, 4405-604 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1361-4605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Jorge","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Henry Johannes","family":"Greten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"German Society of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1136\/aim.18.2.88","article-title":"Acupuncture: Its Place in the History of Chinese Medicine","volume":"18","author":"Ma","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acupunct. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525340","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/525340","article-title":"Historical perspective of traditional indigenous medical practices: The current renaissance and conservation of herbal resources","volume":"2014","author":"Pan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greten, J. (2007). Kursbuch Traditionelle Chinesische Medizin. TCM Verstehen und Richtig Anwenden, Georg Thieme Verlag.","DOI":"10.1055\/b-0034-5150"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Perkins, F. (2004). Leibniz and China: A Commerce of Light, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.2174\/1874428101004010062","article-title":"Evaluation of quality of life in patients treated with traditional Chinese medicine","volume":"4","author":"Sertel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Otorhinolaryngol. J."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Johnson, J.A., Stewart, J.M., and Howell, M.H. (2000). Chinese Medical Qigong Therapy: A Comprehensive Clinical Guide, International Institute of Medical Qigong."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Greten, H.J. (2013). Understanding TCM. The Fundamentals of Chinese Medicine, Heidelberg School of Chinese Medicine."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Tse, M. (1996). Qigong for Health & Vitality, St. Martin\u2019s Griffin."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Liu, L., and Liu, Z. (2011). Essentials of Chinese Medicine, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Greten, H. (2008). Understanding TCM\u2013Scientific Chinese Medicine\u2013The Heidelberg Model, Heidelberg School of Chinese Medicine."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Focks, C. (2008). Atlas of Acupuncture, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Greten, H.J. (2008). Clinical Subjects, Scientific Chinese Medicine, The Heidelberg Model, Heidelberg School of Chinese Medicine."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Greten, H.J. (2014). Understanding TCM. The Fundamentals of Chinese Medicine, Heidelberg School of Chinese Medicine."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02973160","article-title":"The difference and similarity between traditional chinese and western medicine","volume":"6","author":"Cheung","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chin. J. Integr. Tradit. West. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153148","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/153148","article-title":"The Relationship between Traditional Chinese Medicine and Modern Medicine","volume":"2013","author":"Dong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Nguyen, D.H. (1987). The Dictionary of Acupuncture and Moxibustion: A Practical Guide to Traditional Chinese Medicine, Thorsons."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Liu, L., and Liu, Z. (2011). Essentials of Chinese Medicine, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Beijing, S. (1980). Nanjing colleges of traditional Chinese medicine. Essentials of Chinese Acupuncture, Beijing Foreign Language Press."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Audette, J.F., and Bailey, A. (2008). Integrative Pain Medicine: The Science and Practice of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Pain Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-344-8"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Freeman, L.W., and Lawlis, G.F. (2004). Mosby\u2019s Complementary & Alternative Medicine, Mosby."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Greten, H.J. (2009). Chinese Phytopharmacology, Heidelberg School of Chinese Medicine."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Kastner, J. (2004). Chinese Nutrition Therapy. Dietetics in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Georg Thieme Verlag."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Jade Institute (2021, February 10). Chinese Herb Gallery. Available online: https:\/\/www.jadeinstitute.com\/chinese-herbal-gallery\/."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-02903-w","article-title":"The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in Europe","volume":"20","author":"Landet","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trends in the use of complementary health approaches among adults: United States, 2002\u20132012","volume":"10","author":"Clarke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Natl. Health Stat. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2012.02945.x","article-title":"Prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use by the general population: A systematic review and update","volume":"66","author":"Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2004.11.002","article-title":"Complementary and alternative medicine use in multiracial Singapore","volume":"13","author":"Lim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"AB, N.M. (2021, February 10). Tu Youyou\u2014Biographical. Available online: https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/medicine\/2015\/tu\/biographical\/."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-016-2223-8","article-title":"Evolving importance of anticancer research using herbal medicine: A scientometric analysis","volume":"110","author":"Basu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Consentino, R., Santos, M.J., Matos, L.C., and Machado, J.P. (2018). Bibliometric Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine Scientific Production between 1982 and 2016 Indexed in PubMed. Medicines, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines5020041"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.5142\/jgr.2012.36.3.225","article-title":"Ginseng in traditional herbal prescriptions","volume":"36","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ginseng. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Shannon, S. (2002). Handbook of Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Mental Health, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599073","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.599073","article-title":"Chinese Herbal Medicine for Reducing Chemotherapy-Associated Side-Effects in Breast Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2020.102472","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of Chinese herbal medicine as adjuvant treatment in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00730","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Chinese Herbal Medicine on Ovarian Cancer After Reduction Surgery and Adjuvant Chemotherapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00823","article-title":"The Effect of Chinese Herbal Medicine Combined With Western Medicine on Vascular Endothelial Function in Patients With Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"11","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"152849","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicine Xiao Yao San in hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Xiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytomed. Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharm."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.01.018","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicine for patients with postmenopausal hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"141","author":"Xiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.008","article-title":"Chinese herbal medicine for COVID-19: Current evidence with systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, X., Ni, X., Lin, J., Zhang, Y., Wu, L., Huang, D., Liu, Y., Guo, J., Wen, W., and Cai, Y. (2020). The add-on effect of Chinese herbal medicine on COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytomedicine, 153282.","DOI":"10.37766\/inplasy2020.4.0190"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105056","article-title":"Chinese herbal medicine for coronavirus disease 2019: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"160","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.07.003","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicine for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"117","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-019-2702-x","article-title":"Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine for Depressive Disorder in Patients after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"26","author":"Xue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5181587","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5181587","article-title":"Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine as Prophylactic Treatment for Episodic Migraine in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"2020","author":"Lyu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.12.039","article-title":"Chinese herbal medicine for headache: A systematic review and meta-analysis of high-quality randomized controlled trials","volume":"57","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Kreiner, J.M., Wong, A.R., Li, M., Sun, Y., Lu, L., Liu, J., and Yang, A.W.H. (2021). Oral application of Chinese herbal medicine for allergic rhinitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytother. Res.","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7037"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X20500792","article-title":"Chinese Herbal Medicine in Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"48","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imr.2020.100491","article-title":"Chinese herbal medicine (Rupi Sanjie capsule) for the treatment of breast pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"10","author":"Lai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Integr. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"509","article-title":"Effectiveness of Chinese herbal medicine for primary Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: A systematic review and Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Chin. Med. = Chung I Tsa Chih Ying Wen Pan"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19410","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000019410","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicine Long Dan Xie Gan Tang in insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"99","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12696","article-title":"Chinese herbal medicine combined with tadalafil for erectile dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00734","article-title":"Add-On Effects of Chinese Herbal Medicine for Post-Stroke Spasticity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7680963","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7680963","article-title":"Acupuncture plus Chinese Herbal Medicine for Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Diarrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2019","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e025653","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025653","article-title":"Chinese herbal medicine for diabetic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00277","article-title":"Chinese Herbal Medicine for Wilson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310639","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2301680","article-title":"Danshen Formulae for Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of High-Quality Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"2019","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32362-1","article-title":"Randomised controlled trials of traditional Chinese medicine in cancer care published in Chinese: An overview","volume":"394","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"284959","article-title":"A Survey of Chinese Medicinal Herbal Treatment for Chemotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis","volume":"2013","author":"Beckmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldschmidt, A. (2008). The Evolution of Chinese Medicine: Song Dynasty, 960\u20131200, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203946435"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521612","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/521612","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of laser acupuncture and cupping with ryodoraku and visual analog scale on low back pain","volume":"2012","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3727\/036012994816357295","article-title":"The Effect of Qigong on Therapeutic Balancing Measured by Electroacupuncture According to Voll (EAV): A Preliminary Study","volume":"19","author":"Sander","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acupunct. Electrother. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S2005-2901(09)60026-1","article-title":"Clinical Effectiveness of Laser Acupuncture: A Systematic Review","volume":"1","author":"Baxter","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Acupunct. Meridian Stud."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jams.2014.06.015","article-title":"Laser Acupuncture for Treating Musculoskeletal Pain: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Law","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acupunct. Meridian Stud."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Cassidy, C.M. (2002). Contemporary Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, Churchill Livingstone."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356108","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nem106","article-title":"Ear Acupuncture in European Traditional Medicine","volume":"4","author":"Gori","year":"2007","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suen, L.K.P., Yeh, C.H., Yeung, S.K.W., Kwan, J.Y.M., Wong, H.F., Chan, D., Cheung, A.S.P., and Yeung, V.T.F. (2017). Association between auricular signals and the risk factors of metabolic syndrome. Medicines, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines4030045"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y.-C., and Hsu, E.S.-Z. (2014). Acupuncture for Pain Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-5275-1"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-014-1768-7","article-title":"Ear acupuncture and fMRI: A pilot study for assessing the specificity of auricular points","volume":"35","author":"Romoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2018.08.005","article-title":"Does auriculotherapy have therapeutic effectiveness? An overview of systematic reviews","volume":"33","author":"Vieira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20190394","DOI":"10.1590\/0034-7167-2019-0394","article-title":"Auriculotherapy and reducing chronic musculoskeletal pain: Integrative review","volume":"73","author":"Morais","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Enferm."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"e03626","article-title":"Effects of auriculotherapy on stress, anxiety and depression in adults and older adults: A systematic review","volume":"54","author":"Moura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Esc. Enferm. USP"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101177","article-title":"Auriculotherapy as a means of managing nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: A double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"40","author":"Negarandeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complement. Clin Pract."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S2005-2901(10)60014-3","article-title":"Defining Meridians: A Modern Basis of Understanding","volume":"3","author":"Longhurst","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Acupunct. Meridian Stud."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S2005-2901(10)60041-6","article-title":"Human Ultraweak Photon Emission and the Yin Yang Concept of Chinese Medicine","volume":"3","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Acupunct. Meridian Stud."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02884134","article-title":"Experimental exploration and research prospect of physical bases and functional characteristics of meridians","volume":"43","author":"Fei","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1054\/caom.2000.0028","article-title":"The past, present and future of meridian system research","volume":"1","author":"Shang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Acupunct. Orient. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jams.2014.02.007","article-title":"Effects and Mechanisms of Acupuncture Based on the Principle of Meridians","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acupunct. Meridian Stud."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01928888","article-title":"Characterisation of human skin conductance at acupuncture points","volume":"51","author":"Comunetti","year":"1995","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"108","article-title":"Las propiedades el\u00e9ctricas del punto de acupuntura: Una reflexi\u00f3n m\u00e1s\u2026","volume":"5","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Int. Acupunt."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.20403","article-title":"Electrical properties of acupuncture points and meridians: A systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Ahn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2007.7193","article-title":"Electrical Characterization of Acupuncture Points: Technical Issues and Challenges","volume":"13","author":"Ahn","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2011.0489","article-title":"Electrodermal Mapping of an Acupuncture Point and a Non-Acupuncture Point","volume":"17","author":"Litscher","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S2005-2901(09)60041-8","article-title":"Bonghan Circulatory System as an Extension of Acupuncture Meridians","volume":"2","author":"Soh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Acupunct. Meridian Stud."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"410979","article-title":"Classic and Modern Meridian Studies: A Review of Low Hydraulic Resistance Channels along Meridians and Their Relevance for Therapeutic Effects in Traditional Chinese Medicine","volume":"2015","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.10185","article-title":"Relationship of acupuncture points and meridians to connective tissue planes","volume":"269","author":"Langevin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S2005-2901(10)60001-5","article-title":"Meridian studies in China: A systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Acupunct. Meridian Stud."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stux, G., and Hammerschlag, R. (2001). Neurophysiological Basis of Auricular Acupuncture. Clinical Acupuncture, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-56732-2"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170396","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/170396","article-title":"Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Cancer Pain: An Overview of Systematic Reviews","volume":"2014","author":"Bao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jams.2013.02.001","article-title":"Effect of Acupuncture at Tender Points for the Management of Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Case Series","volume":"6","author":"Bastos","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Acupunct. Meridian Stud."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta9320","article-title":"Longer Term Clinical and Economic Benefits of Offering Acupuncture Care to Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain","volume":"9","author":"Thomas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"338","article-title":"Acupuncture treatment for pain: Systematic review of randomised clinical trials with acupuncture, placebo acupuncture, and no acupuncture groups","volume":"28","author":"Madsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"431","article-title":"Acupuncture in fibromyalgia: A randomized, controlled study addressing the immediate pain response","volume":"54","author":"Cavalheiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Reumatol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(02)00269-5","article-title":"Does acupuncture improve the orthopedic management of chronic low back pain\u2013a randomized, blinded, controlled trial with 3 months follow up","volume":"99","author":"Molsberger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.06.036","article-title":"German Randomized Acupuncture Trial for chronic shoulder pain (GRASP)\u2014A pragmatic, controlled, patient-blinded, multi-centre trial in an outpatient care environment","volume":"151","author":"Molsberger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/18.4.900","article-title":"A meta-analysis of acupuncture for chronic pain","volume":"18","author":"Patel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2012.3654","article-title":"Acupuncture for chronic pain: Individual patient data meta-analysis","volume":"172","author":"Vickers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2013.12.009","article-title":"Diabetes with pyogenic liver abscess\u2014A perspective on tongue assessment in traditional Chinese medicine","volume":"22","author":"Liao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T\u00fcr, F.\u00c7., Aksay, E., K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, T.Y., and Temizy\u00fcrek, Z. (2015). Therapeutic effects of acupuncture on obesity and HbA1c. Eur. J. Integr. Med.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eujim.2014.12.002"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(00)00659-2","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of acupuncture and acupressure treatment for essential hypertension","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.01.048","article-title":"The benefit of combined acupuncture and antidepressant medication for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"176","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Schnyer, R.N., Allen, J.J., Hitt, S.K., and Manber, R. (2001). Acupuncture in the Treatment of Depression. A Manual for Practice and Research, Churchill Livingstone."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eujim.2011.09.003","article-title":"Acupuncture treatment for depression\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Stub","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.07.005","article-title":"The effectiveness and safety of acupuncture therapy in depressive disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"124","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2012.04.030","article-title":"Effectiveness of acupuncture and bee venom acupuncture in idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eujim.2014.03.007","article-title":"A case series of acupuncture treatment for female infertility with some cases supplemented with Chinese medicines","volume":"6","author":"Chui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.12.056","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of spermatozoa ultrastructure after acupuncture treatment for idiopathic male infertility","volume":"84","author":"Pei","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"40","article-title":"Efficacy observation on 40 cases of anovulatory infertility treated by acupuncture and moxibustion","volume":"23","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Acupunct."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2014.05.002","article-title":"The effectiveness of acupuncture in postoperative gastroparesis syndrome\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Cheong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, J., Zhang, X., Qu, Y., Huang, H., Liu, X., Du, J., and Guo, S. (2015). Effect of Combined Manual Acupuncture and Massage on Body Weight and Body Mass Index Reduction in Obese and Overweight Women: A Randomized, Short-term Clinical Trial. J. Acupunct. Meridian Stud.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jams.2014.08.001"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S2005-2901(10)60018-0","article-title":"Fifteen-day Acupuncture Treatment Relieves Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy","volume":"3","author":"Tong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Acupunct. Meridian Stud."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2009.0599","article-title":"Traditional Chinese Medicine for treatment of fibromyalgia: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"16","author":"Cao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., Wahner-Roedler, D.L., Zhou, X., Johnson, L.A., Do, A., Pachman, D.R., Chon, T.Y., Salinas, M., Millstine, D., and Bauer, B.A. (2021). Acupuncture for palliative cancer pain management: Systematic review. BMJ Supportive Palliat. Care.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjspcare-2020-002638"},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"WHO (2002). Acupuncture: Review and Analysis of Reports on Controlled Clinical Trials, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_114","unstructured":"McDonald, J., and Janz, S. (2017). The Acupuncture Evidence Project: A Comparative Literature Review (Revised Edition), Australian Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine Association Ltd."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"10","article-title":"Acupuncture for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial Studying Changes in Clinical Symptoms and Electrodiagnostic Tests","volume":"26","author":"Azizi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Altern. Ther. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2016.0155","article-title":"Acupuncture for the Treatment of Peripheral Neuropathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"23","author":"Dimitrova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.explore.2019.02.008","article-title":"Acupuncture and Related Interventions for the Treatment of Symptoms Associated with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Summary of a Cochrane Review","volume":"15","author":"Wieland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Explore"},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"Cd011215","article-title":"Acupuncture and related interventions for the treatment of symptoms associated with carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1159\/000490176","article-title":"Assessment of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Effects on the Electrophysiological Properties of the Ulnar Nerve: A Nerve Conduction Study","volume":"4","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Integr. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer-Hamme, G., Friedemann, T., Greten, J., Gerloff, C., and Schroeder, S. (2020). Electrophysiologically verified effects of acupuncture on diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes: The randomized, partially double-blinded, controlled ACUDIN trial. J. Diabetes.","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13130"},{"key":"ref_121","unstructured":"Thompson, P.E.B.W. (2005). Chapter 10\u2014Treatment of myofascial trigger point pain and fibromyalgia syndromes. Acupuncture, Trigger Points and Musculoskeletal Pain, Churchill Livingstone. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Carlo, M., Beci, G., and Salaffi, F. (2020). Acupuncture for Fibromyalgia: An Open-Label Pragmatic Study on Effects on Disease Severity, Neuropathic Pain Features, and Pain Catastrophizing. Evidence-Based Complement. Altern. Med., 9869250.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9869250"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s11726-013-0679-0","article-title":"Diagnosis and objective pain assessment of traditional Chinese medicine may be useful to demonstrate specific effects of acupuncture in low back pain: A prospective, randomized, controlled and single blinded pre-study","volume":"11","author":"Seca","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Acupunct. Tuina Sci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, J.-F., Zheng, X.-Q., Chen, D., Lin, J.-L., Zhou, W.-X., Wang, H., Qin, Z., and Wu, A.-M. (2020). Can Acupuncture Improve Chronic Spinal Pain? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Glob. Spine J., 2192568220962440.","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568220962440"},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"6","article-title":"Efficacy assessment for different acupuncture therapies in the treatment of frozen shoulder","volume":"22","author":"Shi","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Acupunct."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7479459","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7479459","article-title":"Effect of Acupuncture on Chronic Pain with Depression: A Systematic Review","volume":"2020","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armour, M., Smith, C.A., Wang, L.Q., Naidoo, D., Yang, G.Y., MacPherson, H., Lee, M.S., and Hay, P. (2019). Acupuncture for Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8081140"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166.e161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.07.041","article-title":"Acupuncture in patients with dysmenorrhea: A randomized study on clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in usual care","volume":"198","author":"Witt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3288","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-20-1734","article-title":"A systematic review of the efficacy comparison of acupuncture and traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2016.0408","article-title":"Management of Menopause Symptoms with Acupuncture: An Umbrella Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"24","author":"Befus","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13860","article-title":"The effectiveness of PC6 acupuncture in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Paediatr. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2016.07.004","article-title":"Examining the efficacy of stimulating the PC6 wrist acupuncture point for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting: A Cochrane review summary","volume":"64","author":"Stott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jams.2013.07.008","article-title":"Neurobiological mechanisms of acupuncture for some common illnesses: A clinician\u2019s perspective","volume":"7","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acupunct. Meridian Stud."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2018.0297","article-title":"Effectiveness of acupuncture on pain, functional disability, and quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis of the hand: Results of a double-blind randomized clinical trial","volume":"25","author":"Seca","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-018-1037-0","article-title":"ACUDIN\u2013ACUpuncture and laser acupuncture for treatment of DIabetic peripheral Neuropathy: A randomized, placebo-controlled, partially double-blinded trial","volume":"18","author":"Friedemann","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/427265","article-title":"Objectifying specific and nonspecific effects of acupuncture: A double-blinded randomised trial in osteoarthritis of the knee","volume":"2013","author":"Karner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2009.23.3380","article-title":"Acupuncture for nasal congestion: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical pilot study","volume":"23","author":"Sertel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_138","unstructured":"Thompson, P.E.B.W. (2005). Chapter 1\u2014Traditional Chinese acupuncture. Acupuncture, Trigger Points and Musculoskeletal Pain, Churchill Livingstone. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379291","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/379291","article-title":"The Mechanism of Moxibustion: Ancient Theory and Modern Research","volume":"2013","author":"Deng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198584","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/198584","article-title":"How Does Moxibustion Possibly Work?","volume":"2013","author":"Chiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2017.04.014","article-title":"Biological effects and medical applications of infrared radiation","volume":"170","author":"Tsai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783704","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/783704","article-title":"Safety of Moxibustion: A Systematic Review of Case Reports","volume":"2014","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510318","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/510318","article-title":"Effects of Moxa (Folium Artemisiae argyi) Smoke Exposure on Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Young Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Human Study","volume":"2013","author":"Cui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2653792","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2653792","article-title":"The effectiveness and safety of moxibustion for treating knee osteoarthritis: A prisma compliant systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"2019","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Res. Manag."},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"28","article-title":"Preliminary clinical randomized controlled trial on knee osteoarthritis treated with moxibustion","volume":"22","author":"Ren","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Acupunct."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101294","article-title":"Moxibustion for post-stroke urinary incontinence in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Complement. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8645727","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8645727","article-title":"Effectiveness and Safety of Moxibustion on Constipation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2020","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6128673","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6128673","article-title":"Moxibustion as an Adjuvant Therapy for Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 23 Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"2020","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22286","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000022286","article-title":"Moxibustion for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines","volume":"99","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101130","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of moxibustion for chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complement. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"599","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of moxibustion in treatment of lumbar disc herniation: A systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Chin. Med. = Chung I Tsa Chih Ying Wen Pan"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2020.06.024","article-title":"Dry cupping for musculoskeletal pain and range of motion: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Wood","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3094","DOI":"10.1590\/1518-8345.2888.3094","article-title":"Cupping therapy and chronic back pain: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Moura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Lat. Am. Enferm."},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"31","article-title":"Combined use of acupuncture and cupping for emergency treatments","volume":"26","author":"Ying","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, H., Li, X., and Liu, J. (2012). An Updated Review of the Efficacy of Cupping Therapy. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031793"},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"48","article-title":"Wet cupping therapy for treatment of herpes zoster: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"16","author":"Cao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Altern. Ther. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jams.2018.02.001","article-title":"Cupping Therapy: An Overview from a Modern Medicine Perspective","volume":"11","author":"Aboushanab","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Acupunct. Meridian Stud."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2018.03.003","article-title":"The medical perspective of cupping therapy: Effects and mechanisms of action","volume":"9","author":"Elsubai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_159","unstructured":"Sun, S. (1989). Atlas de Movimientos Terap\u00e9uticos Para el Tratamiento de Enfermedades y la Conservaci\u00f3n de la Salud: Una Gu\u00eda Para el Masaje Tradicional Chino y la Terapia con Ejercicios, Ediciones en lenguas extranjeras."},{"key":"ref_160","unstructured":"Coughlin, P. (2002). Principles and Practice of Manual Therapeutics, Elsevier Health Sciences."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-011-0755-6","article-title":"Research progress on the standardization of Chinese Tuina therapy: A short review","volume":"19","author":"Fang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8828826","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8828826","article-title":"Chinese Tuina Protects against Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia through Inhibiting the Neuroinflammatory Reaction","volume":"2020","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101115","article-title":"Tuina for cervical vertigo: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"39","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complement. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_164","unstructured":"Micozzi, D.M.S. (2011). 5\u2014Qi in China\u2019s traditional medicine: The example of tuina. Energy Medicine East and West, Churchill Livingstone."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eujim.2012.07.973","article-title":"Tuina and Qigong in eating disorders (ED)","volume":"4","author":"Hong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2014.03.008","article-title":"Chinese massage (Tuina) for the treatment of essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_167","first-page":"66","article-title":"Treatment on 28 cases of pediatric allergic rhinitis by combining Tuina and Chinese herbal medicine","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Acupunct."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-15-418","article-title":"Effectiveness of Chinese massage therapy (Tui Na) for chronic low back pain: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2020.102411","article-title":"Pediatric tuina for the treatment of anorexia in children under 14 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"51","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"69","article-title":"Quick-impact Tuina for 38 cases of pediatric muscular torticollis","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Acupunct."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-020-01636-1","article-title":"Chinese pediatric Tuina on children with acute diarrhea: A randomized sham-controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_172","unstructured":"Jin, C., Hu, Z., Jin, Z., Li, P., and Li, G. (1996). Practical Chinese Qigong for Home Health Care, Foreign Languages Press."},{"key":"ref_173","unstructured":"Greten, H. (2009). Handbuch des Funktionell Therapeutischen Qigong-I Diagnosengerechte \u00dcbungspraxis, Heidelberg School of Chinese Medicine."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1054\/jbmt.1999.0136","article-title":"The electromagnetic environment: Implications for bodywork Part 1 Environmental energies","volume":"4","author":"Oschman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1054\/jbmt.1999.0130","article-title":"The electromagnetic environment: Implications for bodywork: Part 2: Biological effects","volume":"4","author":"Oschman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_176","unstructured":"Oschman, J.L. (2000). Energy Medicine\u2014The Scientific Basis, Churchill Livingstone."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oschman, J.L. (2003). Energy Medicine in Therapeutics and Human Performance, Butterworth-Heinemann.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7506-5400-5.50009-1"},{"key":"ref_178","first-page":"455","article-title":"Biological Effects of Very Low Frequency (VLF) Atmospherics in Humans: A Review","volume":"12","author":"Schienle","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Sci. Explor."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2006.12.351","article-title":"Qigong: Where did it come from? Where does it fit in science? What are the advances?","volume":"12","author":"Shinnick","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0965-2299(03)00088-8","article-title":"Effects of Qi-therapy on blood pressure, pain and psychological symptoms in the elderly: A randomized controlled pilot trial","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1001884","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of qigong in the treatment of mild essential hypertension","volume":"19","author":"Cheung","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2006.6052","article-title":"A qualitative review of the role of qigong in the management of diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Xin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1080\/02841860701261584","article-title":"Qigong for cancer treatment: A systematic review of controlled clinical trials","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1582","article-title":"Effect of a qigong exercise programme on elderly with depression","volume":"21","author":"Tsang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X04001734","article-title":"The aerobic capacity and ventilatory efficiency during exercise in qigong and tai chi chuan practitioners","volume":"32","author":"Lan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1089\/107555304322849084","article-title":"Commentary: Multifaceted health benefits of medical qigong","volume":"10","author":"Sancier","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531789","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/531789","article-title":"Qigong as a Traditional Vegetative Biofeedback Therapy: Long-Term Conditioning of Physiological Mind-Body Effects","volume":"2015","author":"Matos","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.3736\/jcim20120805","article-title":"Effects of qigong on performance-related anxiety and physiological stress functions in transverse flute music schoolchildren: A feasibility study","volume":"10","author":"Sousa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chin. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_189","first-page":"1233","article-title":"Qigong therapy for physiotherapists suffering from burnout: A preliminary study","volume":"10","author":"Saganha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao J. Chin. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2007.0814","article-title":"Qigong stress reduction in hospital staff","volume":"14","author":"Griffith","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2005.02.006","article-title":"Tai Chi and mindfulness-based stress reduction in a Boston Public Middle School","volume":"19","author":"Wall","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pediatric Health Care"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2019.05.005","article-title":"Can Qigong improve attention in adolescents? A prospective randomised controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Duarte","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2018.01.019","article-title":"Effects of taijiquan and qigong practice over behavioural disorders in school-age children: A pilot study","volume":"23","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.3736\/jcim20120610","article-title":"Assessment of Qigong-related effects by infrared thermography= a case study","volume":"10","author":"Matos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chin. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_195","unstructured":"Qin, Y., Ji, H., Chen, J., and Li, H. (1997). An applied study of thermography on the acupuncture and qi-gong. Thermosense XIX: An International Conference on Thermal Sensing and Imaging Diagnostic Applications, International Society for Optics and Photonics."},{"key":"ref_196","unstructured":"Shin, L. (2007, January 5\u20137). Research Leading to a Systems\/Cellular\/Molecular Model for the Benefits of Qigong and Tai Chi on Health and Healing. Proceedings of the 10th World Congress on Qigong and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tokyo, Japan."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2019.02.021","article-title":"Changes of skin electrical potential in acupoints from Ren Mai and Du Mai conduits during Qigong practice: Documentation of a clinical phenomenon","volume":"23","author":"Matos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X05002837","article-title":"A medical qigong methodology for early intervention in autism spectrum disorder: A case series","volume":"33","author":"Silva","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2013.09.004","article-title":"Psychological, immunological and physiological effects of a Laughing Qigong Program (LQP) on adolescents","volume":"21","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2008.07.030","article-title":"Health-promoting effect of LBP and healthy Qigong exercise on physiological functions in old subjects","volume":"75","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2013.09.008","article-title":"The sustaining effects of tai chi qigong on physiological health for COPD patients: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1248\/jhs.49.278","article-title":"Physiological changes associated with Neiyang Qigong","volume":"49","author":"Kuo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nem088","article-title":"Qigong ameliorates symptoms of chronic fatigue: A pilot uncontrolled study","volume":"6","author":"Craske","year":"2009","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495274","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/495274","article-title":"Effects of qigong training on health-related quality of life, functioning, and cancer-related symptoms in survivors of nasopharyngeal cancer: A pilot study","volume":"2014","author":"Fong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379715","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/379715","article-title":"Qigong and Fibromyalgia: Randomized Controlled Trials and Beyond","volume":"2014","author":"Sawynok","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ching, S.M., Mokshashri, N.R., Kannan, M.M., Lee, K.W., Sallahuddin, N.A., Ng, J.X., Wong, J.L., Devaraj, N.K., Hoo, F.K., and Loo, Y.S. (2021). Effects of qigong on systolic and diastolic blood pressure lowering: A systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. BMC Complement. Med., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-03172-3"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3267971","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3267971","article-title":"The Efficacy of Tai Chi and Qigong Exercises on Blood Pressure and Blood Levels of Nitric Oxide and Endothelin-1 in Patients with Essential Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"2020","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2019.06.009","article-title":"Effectiveness of internal Qigong on quality of life, depressive symptoms and self-efficacy among community-dwelling older adults with chronic disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"99","author":"Gouw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"ref_209","first-page":"367","article-title":"Medical applications of qigong and emitted qi on humans, animals, cell cultures, and plants: Review of selected scientific research","volume":"19","author":"Sancier","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Acupunct."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2354.2005.00599.x","article-title":"Effects of Qi therapy (external Qigong) on symptoms of advanced cancer: A single case study","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Care"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matos, L.C., Machado, J.P., Monteiro, F.J., and Greten, H.J. (2021). Can Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnosis Be Parameterized and Standardized? A Narrative Review. Healthcare, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9020177"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2020.06.035","article-title":"Problems of scientific methodology related to placebo control in Qigong studies: A systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Matos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."}],"container-title":["Healthcare"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9032\/9\/3\/257\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:30:58Z","timestamp":1760160658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9032\/9\/3\/257"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"references-count":212,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["healthcare9030257"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare9030257","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9032"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9032","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]}}}