{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T11:09:38Z","timestamp":1775732978275,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Healthcare"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study analyzed aspects of the work of clinical neuropsychologists across Europe. There are no published comparisons between European countries regarding the nature of clinical neuropsychologists\u2019 work. Forty-one national psychological and neuropsychological societies were approached, of which 31 (76%) responded. Data from seven countries with less than 10 neuropsychologists were excluded. A license is required to practice clinical neuropsychology in 50% of the countries. Clinical neuropsychologists work independently in 62.5%. Diagnostic\/assessment work is the most frequently reported activity (54%). Most neuropsychologists work in public hospitals, followed by health centers. Adult neuropsychology was the most frequent area of activity. Services in public institutions are covered by public entities (45.8%), or by a combination of patient funds and public entities (29.2%) and only 4.2% by the patient; whereas services in private institutions are covered by the patient (26.1%) and the combination of patient, public entities (21.7%) or patient and private entities (17.4%). The data suggest that the number of neuropsychologists working across European countries is considerably low in comparison to other medical professionals. The results of the survey identified similar aspects of neuropsychologists\u2019 work, despite variations in terms of reimbursement and mechanisms, reflecting economic and healthcare differences. Estimates on the number of clinical neuropsychologists suggest insufficient access to neuropsychological services.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9060734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T11:00:33Z","timestamp":1623754833000},"page":"734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["European Clinical Neuropsychology: Role in Healthcare and Access to Neuropsychological Services"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9420-3201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erich","family":"Kasten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, MSH University of Applied Sciences & Medical University, D-20457 Hamburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mary H.","family":"Kosmidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"given":"Bengt A.","family":"Persson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Linnaeus University, 351 95 V\u00e4xj\u00f6, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Marios","family":"Constantinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Sciences, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, 2417 Nicosia, Cyprus"}]},{"given":"Gus A.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychology-Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Lettner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Association for Neuropsychology Austria, 4921 Bad H\u00e4ring, Austria"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Hokkanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Am\u00e9lie","family":"Ponchel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GHU Paris Psychiatry & Neurosciences, 75014 Paris, France"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Mondini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Pedagogy and Applied Psychology, University of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0383-007X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria K.","family":"Jonsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8310-8169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nataliya","family":"Varako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychological Methodology Department, Faculty of Psychology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Research Center of Neurology, 125367 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Nikolai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Charles University in Prague, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Aiste","family":"Pranckeviciene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Psychology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9386-6097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren","family":"Harper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Hessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"551","article-title":"Introduction to the NAN 2001 Definition of a clinical neuropsychologist-NAN Policy and Planning Committee","volume":"18","author":"Barth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. 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