{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T02:13:30Z","timestamp":1767924810541,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hematology Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is the most frequent form of all childhood leukemias, mostly affecting children between 2 and 4 years old. Oral symptoms, such as mouth ulcers, mucositis, xerostomia, Herpes or Candidiasis, gingival enlargement and bleeding, petechiae, erythema, mucosal pallor and atrophic glossitis, are very common symptoms of ALL and can be early signs of the disease. Secondary and tertiary complications, a direct effect of chemo and radiotherapy, are associated with more severe bleeding, higher susceptibility to infections, ulcerations, inflammation of the mucous membranes, osteoradionecrosis, xerostomia, taste alterations, trismus, carious lesions and dental abnormalities. Immunotherapy, though less toxic, causes oral dysesthesia and pain. Overall, the effects in the oral cavity are transient but there are long-term consequences like caries, periodontal disease and tooth loss that impair endodontic and orthodontic treatments. Also, dental abnormalities resulting from disturbed odontogenesis are known to affect a child\u2019s quality of life. The medical dentist should identify these complications and perform appropriate oral care in tandem with other health professionals. Thus, poor oral hygiene can lead to systemic ALL complications. The aim of this review is to describe the oral complications in children with ALL who are undergoing chemo, radio or immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/hematolrep15030051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T10:53:47Z","timestamp":1692874427000},"page":"491-502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Oral Manifestations: A Warning-Sign in Children with Hematological Disease Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6157-2390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra Clara","family":"Soares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, Inova\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento Fernando Pessoa, FP-I3ID (FP-BHS), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Louis J. D.","family":"Roux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Rita","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, Inova\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento Fernando Pessoa, FP-I3ID (FP-BHS), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina Cardoso","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, Inova\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento Fernando Pessoa, FP-I3ID (FP-BHS), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, Inova\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento Fernando Pessoa, FP-I3ID (FP-BHS), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Viviana M. P.","family":"Macho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, Inova\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento Fernando Pessoa, FP-I3ID (FP-BHS), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, Inova\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento Fernando Pessoa, FP-I3ID (FP-BHS), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Escola Superior da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4200-253 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3766-2887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9u","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, Inova\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento Fernando Pessoa, FP-I3ID (FP-BHS), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Escola Superior da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4200-253 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Grupo de Patologia Experimental e Terap\u00eautica, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, Instituto Portugu\u00eas de Oncologia do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2016.04.003","article-title":"Progress and Prospects in Pediatric Leukemia","volume":"46","author":"Madhusoodhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. 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