{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:23:20Z","timestamp":1760235800404,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/HAR-ARQ\/32290\/2017","UIDB\/50025\/2020-2023","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007649","UIDB\/04449\/2020","UIDP\/04449\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/HAR-ARQ\/32290\/2017","UIDB\/50025\/2020-2023","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007649","UIDB\/04449\/2020","UIDP\/04449\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/HAR-ARQ\/32290\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/HAR-ARQ\/32290\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Heritage"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the present work, a fragment of a stone mould recently found in Galicia (NW Spain) was studied by multiple analytical techniques approach involving 3D optical imaging reconstruction to obtain data about the shape of the mould, typology of artefact produced, and distribution of a black residue at the surface of the mould and pXRF, SEM-EDS, micro-FTIR, and micro-Raman to investigate the nature of the black residue. The study shows that the mould was likely used for socketed axes with a side loop, was originally composed of two valves and one core, and that it might have been subjected to a repair during use. The black residue is distributed in the carved surface and spreads to nearby surfaces as a result of the use of the mould. The alloy cast in the mould was a ternary bronze (Cu + Sn + Pb). The analyses by SEM-EDS of black residue covering the surface did show the presence of scattered micro particles with P and Ca, and micro-Raman analysis detected the presence of a carbon black of animal source, while micro-FTIR analysis detected remains of proteins, oxalates, and hydroxyapatite. These results are amongst the very few studies made on black residues of ancient moulds and suggest that the mould was dressed with a carbon black of animal origin, such as burned bones, prior to metal casting, probably used as a coating agent to improve the casting and artefact recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/heritage4040165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T21:47:34Z","timestamp":1633988854000},"page":"2960-2972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Study of a Late Bronze Age Casting Mould and Its Black Residue by 3D Imaging, pXRF, SEM-EDS, Micro-FTIR and Micro-Raman"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4821-3895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elin","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Materiais, CENIMAT\/i3N, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2464-468X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Bottaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio HERCULES & CityUMacau Chair in Sustainable Heritage, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Largo do Marqu\u00eas de Marialva 8, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio HERCULES & CityUMacau Chair in Sustainable Heritage, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Largo do Marqu\u00eas de Marialva 8, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Lackinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Filosof\u00eda y Letras, Universidad de Granada, Campus de la Cartuja sn, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Grupo de Estudos de Arqueolox\u00eda, Antig\u00fcidade e Territ\u00f3rio, GEAAT, Facultade de Historia, Universidade de Vigo, Campus das Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Mir\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio HERCULES & CityUMacau Chair in Sustainable Heritage, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Largo do Marqu\u00eas de Marialva 8, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7717-6464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Comendador Rey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Estudos de Arqueolox\u00eda, Antig\u00fcidade e Territ\u00f3rio, GEAAT, Facultade de Historia, Universidade de Vigo, Campus das Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"291","article-title":"Instrumentos l\u00edticos para a deforma\u00e7\u00e3o pl\u00e1stica de metais do povoado calcol\u00edtico de Outeiro Redondo (Sesimbra)","volume":"24","author":"Cardoso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Estud. 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