{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T01:51:17Z","timestamp":1778637077260,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,2]],"date-time":"2021-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/137253\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/137253\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04449\/2020 and UIDP\/04449\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04449\/2020 and UIDP\/04449\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Heritage"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The outdoor sculpture of the first Portuguese king, D. Afonso Henriques (c. 1109\u20131185 AD), placed in Guimar\u00e3es (North Portugal), is one of the most emblematic national sculptures. Created in 1887 by Ant\u00f3nio Soares dos Reis, it possesses a remarkable symbolic value in the presumed birthplace of the king. In addition to the artistic and heritage importance of the monument, it is one of the few sculptures cast by a Portuguese industrial foundry in the 19th century. This study obtained data on the sculpture\u2019s elemental composition and corrosion products, gathering important historical and technical information. For this purpose, a multi-analytical approach consisting of X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) was carried out to characterise the bulk metal and corrosion layers. The data revealed a ternary alloy of Cu, Sn and Zn, with Pb, Fe, As, Bi and Mn as minor elements. The alloy matches that of other sculptures cast in that period. In terms of corrosion, it is characterised by the presence of oxides. These results represent the first step for applying an appropriate conservation strategy for bronze sculptures with similar characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/heritage4040170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T21:47:34Z","timestamp":1633988854000},"page":"3050-3064","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Art Casting in Portuguese 19th Century Industrial Foundries: A Multi-Analytical Study of an Emblematic Copper-Based Alloy Monument"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4015-9780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"General-Toro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for the Science and Technology of the Arts, School of Arts, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2852-1345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Bordalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for the Science and Technology of the Arts, School of Arts, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0004-851X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia Raquel","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for the Science and Technology of the Arts, School of Arts, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry (CBQF), Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0620-080X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduarda","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for the Science and Technology of the Arts, School of Arts, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0116-1899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Brunetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Universit\u00e0 di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8931-1969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Iannaccone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Universit\u00e0 di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2464-468X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Bottaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HERCULES Lab, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Largo do Marqu\u00eas de Marialva 8, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"CityUMacau Chair in Sustainable Heritage, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Largo do Marqu\u00eas de Marialva 8, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Cellini, B. 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