{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T16:48:30Z","timestamp":1767890910065,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":215,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]],"date-time":"2022-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000348","name":"Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No239337\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No239337\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04129\/2020 and UIDP\/04129\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04129\/2020 and UIDP\/04129\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Heritage"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this work is to present the archaeological and historical background of viticulture and winemaking from ancient times to the present day in the Mediterranean basin. According to recent archaeological, archaeochemical and archaeobotanical data, winemaking emerged during the Neolithic period (c. 7th\u20136th millennium BC) in the South Caucasus, situated between the basins of the Black and Caspian Seas, and subsequently reached the Iberian Peninsula and Western Europe during the local beginning of Iron Age (c. 8th century BC), following the main maritime civilizations. This review summarises the most relevant findings evidencing that the expansion of wine production, besides depending on adequate pedo-climatic conditions and wine-growing practices, also required the availability of pottery vessels to properly ferment, store and transport wine without deterioration. The domestication of wild grapevines enabled the selection of more productive varieties, further sustaining the development of wine trade. Other fermented beverages such as mead and beer gradually lost their relevance and soon wine became the most valorised. Together with grapes, it became an object and a system of value for religious rituals and social celebrations throughout successive ancient Western civilizations. Moreover, wine was used for medicinal purposes and linked to a wide variety of health benefits. In everyday life, wine was a pleasant drink consumed by the elite classes and commoner populations during jubilee years, festivals, and banquets, fulfilling the social function of easy communication. In the present work, emphasis is put on the technical interpretation of the selected archaeological and historical sources that may explain present viticultural and oenological practices. Hopefully, this review will contribute to nurturing mutual understanding between archaeologists and wine professionals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/heritage5020043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,3]],"date-time":"2022-04-03T02:59:52Z","timestamp":1648954792000},"page":"788-812","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["The Rise of Wine among Ancient Civilizations across the Mediterranean Basin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5293-1649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mkrtich","family":"Harutyunyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food\u2014Research Center, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7985-963X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Malfeito-Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food\u2014Research Center, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Frankel, R. (1999). Wine and Oil Production in Antiquity in Israel and Other Mediterranean Countries, Sheffield Academic Press. JSOT\/ASOR Monographs No. 10."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Brun, J.-P. (2003). Le Vin et L\u2019huile Dans la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Antique: Viticulture, Ol\u00e9iculture et Proc\u00e9d\u00e9s de Fabrication, \u00c9ditions Errance."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGovern, P.E., Fleming, S.J., and Katz, S.H. (2003). The Origins and Ancient History of Wine (Food and Nutrition in History and Antropology Series No. 11), Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203392836"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"McGovern, P.E. (2007). Ancient Wine: The Search for the Origins of Viniculture, Princeton University Press."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGovern, P.E. (2009). Uncorking the Past: The Quest for Wine, Beer, and Other Alcoholic Beverages, University of California Press.","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520944688"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Garrier, G. (1995). Histoire Sociale et Culturelle du Vin, \u00c9ditions Bordas."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Unwin, T. (1996). Wine and the Vine: An Historical Geography of Viticulture and the Wine Trade, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Charters, S. (2006). Wine and Society: The Social and Cultural Context of a Drink, Butterworth-Heinemann."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Pellechia, T. (2006). Wine: The 8,000-Year-Old Story of the Wine Trade, Thunder\u2019s Mouth Press."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Estreicher, S.K. (2006). Wine: From Neolithic Times to the 21st Century, Algora Publishing."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasmussen, S.C. (2015). From honey wine to the cultivation of the grape: An early history of fermented beverages. Chemical Technology in Antiquity, American Chemical Society.","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-2015-1211.ch004"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Johnson, H. (1989). Vintage: The Story of Wine, Simon and Schuster."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1\u00edn, J. (2008). Historia del Vino, Ediciones Espasa-Calpe."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, J., and Harding, J. (2015). The Oxford Companion to Wine, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acref\/9780198705383.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Begos, K. (2018). Tasting the Past: The Science of Flavor and the Search for the Origins of Wine, Algonquin Books."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Hovhannisyan, N.A., Yesayan, A.A., Bobokhyan, A.A., Dallakyan, M.V., Hobosyan, S.G., and Gasparyan, B.Z. (2017). Armenian Vine and Wine, Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thurmond, D.L. (2017). From Vines to Wines in Classical Rome: A Handbook of Viticulture and Oenology in Rome and the Roman West, Brill.","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004334595"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGovern, P.E. (2019). Ancient Wine: The Search for the Origins of Viniculture (Princeton Science Library 76), Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691198965"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodd, E.K. (2020). Roman and Late Antique Wine Production in the Eastern Mediterranean: A Comparative Archaeological Study at Antiochia ad Cragum (Turkey) and Delos (Greece), Archaeopress. Archaeopress Roman Archaeology No. 63.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvwh8c1m"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Johnson, H. (2020). The Story of Wine: From Noah to Now, Acad\u00e9mie du Vin Library Ltd."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charters, S., Demossier, M., Dutton, J., Harding, G., Marks, D., Maguire, J.S., and Unwin, T. (2022). The Routledge Handbook of Wine and Culture, Routledge. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003034711"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Nelson, M. (2005). The Barbarian\u2019s Beverage: A History of Beer in Ancient Europe, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hockings, K.J., and Dunbar, R. (2020). The importance of Raffia palm wine to coexisting humans and chimpanzees. Alcohol and Humans: A Long and Social Affair, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198842460.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arthur, J.W. (2022). Beer: A Global Journey Through the Past and Present, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780197579800.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satyanarayana, T., and Kunze, G. (2009). Yeasts diversity in fermented foods and beverages. Yeast Biotechnology: Diversity and Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-8292-4"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Ray, R.C., and Montet, D. (2017). Kefir and koumiss: Origin, health benefits and current status of knowledge. Fermented Foods, Part II: Technological Interventions, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganatsios, V., Nigam, P., Plessas, S., and Terpou, A. (2021). Kefir as a functional beverage gaining momentum towards its health promoting attributes. Beverages, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/beverages7030048"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rib\u00e9reau-Gayon, P., Dubourdieu, D., Don\u00e8che, B.B., and Lonvaud, A.A. (2021). Handbook of Enology. Volume 1, The Microbiology of Wine and Vinifications, John Wiley and Sons Ltd.. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119588320"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"foaa013","DOI":"10.1093\/femsyr\/foaa013","article-title":"An update on the diversity, ecology and biogeography of the Saccharomyces genus","volume":"20","author":"Alsammar","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.2020.19067","article-title":"Forest oak woodlands and fruit tree soils are reservoirs of wine-related yeast species","volume":"71","author":"Chandra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.11.025","article-title":"The microbial ecology of wine grape berries","volume":"153","author":"Barata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/09571269308717966","article-title":"Origin and domestication of the wine yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"4","author":"Martini","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Wine Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.04.025","article-title":"Domestication of industrial microbes","volume":"29","author":"Steensels","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fay, J.C., and A Benavides, J. (2005). Evidence for domesticated and wild populations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS Genet., 1.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0010005"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2006.02.002","article-title":"How did Saccharomyces evolve to become a good brewer?","volume":"22","author":"Piskur","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2013.01.002","article-title":"Saccharomyces diversity and evolution: A budding model genus","volume":"29","author":"Hittinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2690","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05106-7","article-title":"The origin and adaptive evolution of domesticated populations of yeast from Far East Asia","volume":"9","author":"Duan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2007.03266.x","article-title":"Bread, beer and wine: Saccharomyces cerevisiae diversity reflects human history","volume":"16","author":"Legras","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17593","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407921102","article-title":"Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China","volume":"101","author":"McGovern","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5412","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13341","article-title":"A population genomics insight into the Mediterranean origins of wine yeast domestication","volume":"24","author":"Almeida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5404","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2012.05732.x","article-title":"Surprisingly diverged populations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in natural environments remote from human activity","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07743","article-title":"Population genomics of domestic and wild yeasts","volume":"458","author":"Liti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3707","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2006.03049.x","article-title":"Multiple origins of cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. sativa) based on chloroplast DNA polymorphisms","volume":"15","author":"Bolling","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2010.12.016","article-title":"Bread, beer and wine: Yeast domestication in the Saccharomyces sensu stricto complex","volume":"334","author":"Sicard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2013.07.008","article-title":"Indigenous yeast population from Georgian aged wines produced by traditional \u201cKakhetian\u201d method","volume":"36","author":"Capece","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S226","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-003-0031-2","article-title":"Evidence for S. cerevisiae fermentation in ancient wine","volume":"57","author":"Cavalieri","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"406","article-title":"Bioarchaeology: A profitable dialogue between microbiology and archaeology","volume":"13","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.028","article-title":"Mead production: Selection and characterization assays of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains","volume":"47","author":"Pereira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcs.2005.06.001","article-title":"Brewers\u2019 spent grain: Generation, characteristics and potential applications","volume":"43","author":"Mussatto","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cereal Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker, G.M., and Stewart, G.G. (2016). Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the production of fermented beverages. Beverages, 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/beverages2040030"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romano, P., Ciani, M., and Fleet, G.H. (2019). Spoilage yeasts in wine production. Yeasts in the Production of Wine, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9782-4"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harutyunyan, M., Viana, R., Granja-Soares, J., Martins, M., Ribeiro, H., and Malfeito-Ferreira, M. (2022). Adaptation of ancient techniques to recreate \u2018wines\u2019 and \u2018beverages\u2019 using withered grapes of Muscat of Alexandria. Fermentation, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation8020085"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peacock, D., Blue, L., and Whitewright, J. (2011). Roman vessel stoppers. Myos Hormos\u2014Quseir al-Qadim, Roman and Islamic Ports on the Red Sea: Volume 2 Finds from the Excavations 1999\u20132003, Archaeopress.","DOI":"10.30861\/9781407308630"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10147","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1216126110","article-title":"Beginning of viniculture in France","volume":"110","author":"McGovern","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7361","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0811578106","article-title":"Ancient Egyptian herbal wines","volume":"106","author":"McGovern","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lissarrague, F. (1990). The Aesthetics of the Greek Banquet: Images of Wine and Ritual, Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400861156"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Dunbabin, K.M.D. (2003). The Roman Banquet: Images of Conviviality, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"133","article-title":"A survey of evidence for feasting in Mycenaean society","volume":"73","author":"Wright","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hesperia J. Am. Sch. Class. Stud. Athens"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"121","article-title":"Testimonies of wine offerings in the Armenian lapidary inscriptions","volume":"2","author":"Harutyunyan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Ejmiatsin"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110712902-003","article-title":"Pottery sherds for writing: An overview of the practice","volume":"Volume 32","author":"Caputo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Using Ostraca in the Ancient World: New Discoveries and Methodologies"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGovern, P.E., Fleming, S.J., and Katz, S.H. (2003). Egyptian wine production during the New Kingdom. The Origins and Ancient History of Wine, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203392836"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Norrie, P. (2019). The History of Wine as a Medicine: From its Beginnings in China to the Present Day, Cambridge Scholars Publishing."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.21608\/shedet.2020.137645","article-title":"Hieratic wine jar dockets from Tuthmosis\u2019s IV temple in gurna","volume":"7","author":"Eissa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Shedet"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1553\/AEundL14s175","article-title":"Amphorae in New Kingdom Egypt","volume":"1","author":"Aston","year":"2005","journal-title":"Egypt Levant"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1179\/tav.1986.1986.1.39","article-title":"Wine and oil allocations in the Samaria Ostraca","volume":"13","author":"Rosen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Tel Aviv"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/03344355.2016.1161371","article-title":"Wine shipments to Samaria from royal vineyards","volume":"43","author":"Suriano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tel Aviv"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faigenbaum-Golovin, S., Mendel-Geberovich, A., Shaus, A., Sober, B., Cordonsky, M., Levin, D., Moinester, M., Sass, B., Turkel, E., and Piasetzky, E. (2017). Multispectral imaging reveals biblical-period inscription unnoticed for half a century. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178400"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donahue, J.F. (2015). Food and Drink in Antiquity: Readings from the Graeco-Roman World: A Sourcebook, Bloomsbury Academic.","DOI":"10.5040\/9781472555670"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"van der Eijk, P., and Allies, N. (2012). Wine and medicine in ancient Greece. Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen: Selected Papers, Brill."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harutyunyan, M., and Malfeito-Ferreira, M. (2022). Historical and heritage sustainability for the revival of ancient wine-making techniques and wine styles. Beverages, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/beverages8010010"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Godley, A.D. (1975). Herodotus: The Persian Wars, Harvard University Press. Volume I: Books 1\u20132; Loeb Classical Library 117."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Dalby, A. (1998). Cato: On Farming\u2014De Agricultura: A Modern Translation with Commentary, Prospect Books."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Hooper, W.D., and Ash, H. (1934). Varro: De Re Rustica (On Agriculture), Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ash, H.B. (1941). Columella: On Agriculture, Harvard University Press. Volume I: Books 1\u20134; Loeb Classical Library 361.","DOI":"10.4159\/DLCL.columella-agriculture.1941"},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Forster, E.S., and Heffner, E.H. (1954). Columella: On Agriculture, Harvard University Press. Volume II: Books 5\u20139; Loeb Classical Library 407."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Forster, E.S., and Heffner, E.H. (1955). Columella: On Agriculture, Harvard University Press. Volume III: Books 10\u201312; On Trees. Loeb Classical Library 408."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Fitch, J.G. (2013). Palladius: Opus Agriculturae\u2014The Work of Farming: A New Translation from the Latin, Prospect Books."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Rackham, H. (1945). Pliny: Natural History, Harvard University Press. Volume IV: Books 12\u201316; Loeb Classical Library 370."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Rackham, H. (1950). Pliny: Natural History, Harvard University Press. Volume V: Books 17\u201319; Loeb Classical Library 371."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Jones, W.H.S. (1951). Pliny: Natural History, Harvard University Press. Volume VI: Books 20\u201323; Loeb Classical Library 392."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Dalby, A. (2011). Geoponika\u2014Farm Work: A Modern Translation of the Roman and Byzantine Farming Handbook, Prospect Books."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez, E., P\u00e9rez-P\u00e9rez, A., Gamba, C., Prats, E., Cuesta, P., Anfruns, J., Molist, M., Arroyo-Pardo, E., and Turb\u00f3n, D. (2014). Ancient DNA analysis of 8000 B.C. Near Eastern farmers supports an early Neolithic pioneer maritime colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands. PLoS Genet., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004401"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gangal, K., Sarson, G.R., and Shukurov, A. (2014). The near-eastern roots of the Neolithic in South Asia. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095714"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzucco, N., Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, J.J., Capuzzo, G., Gassin, B., Mineo, M., and Gibaja, J.F. (2020). Correction: Migration, adaptation, innovation: The spread of Neolithic harvesting technologies in the Mediterranean. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235874"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGovern, P.E., Fleming, S.J., and Katz, S.H. (2003). Viticulture and Ancient Anatolia. The Origins and Ancient History of Wine, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203392836"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGovern, P.E., Fleming, S.J., and Katz, S.H. (2003). Palaeoethnobotanical finds of Vitis from Greece. The Origins and Ancient History of Wine, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203392836"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s00334-008-0158-6","article-title":"The earliest finds of cultivated plants in Armenia: Evidence from charred remains and crop processing residues in pis\u00e9 from the Neolithic settlements of Aratashen and Aknashen","volume":"17","author":"Hovsepyan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Veg. Hist. Archaeobot."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X00094837","article-title":"Grape-pressings from northern Greece: The earliest wine in the Aegean?","volume":"81","author":"Valamoti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antiquity"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2016.03.003","article-title":"Prehistoric wine-making at Dikili Tash (Northern Greece): Integrating residue analysis and archaeobotany","volume":"74","author":"Garnier","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2010.11.012","article-title":"Chemical evidence for wine production around 4000 BCE in the Late Chalcolithic Near Eastern highlands","volume":"38","author":"Barnard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X00062499","article-title":"The chalcolithic of the Near East and south-eastern Europe: Discoveries and new perspectives from the cave complex Areni-1, Armenia","volume":"86","author":"Areshian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antiquity"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1179\/0093469011Z.0000000002","article-title":"Areni-1 Cave, Armenia: A Chalcolithic\u2013Early Bronze Age settlement and ritual site in the southern Caucasus","volume":"37","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Field Archaeol."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Belgiorno, M.R., and Lentini, A. (2017). Cyprus in the Prehistory of Wine: Archaeology, Legends and Archaeometry on a Symbol of God, Associazione Culturale Armonia."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"McGovern, P.E., Fleming, S.J., and Katz, S.H. (2003). The domestication of the grapevine Vitis vinifera L. the Near East. In The Origins and Ancient History of Wine, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"48","article-title":"The dregs of civilization: 5000-year-old wine and beer: Residues from Godin Tepe, Iran","volume":"35","author":"Badler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull. Can. Soc. Mesop. Stud."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGovern, P.E., Fleming, S.J., and Katz, S.H. (2003). The archaeological evidence for winemaking, distribution, and consumption at Proto-Historic Godin Tepe, Iran. The Origins and Ancient History of Wine, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203392836-14"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zohary, D., Hopf, M., and Weiss, E. (2012). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in South-West Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin, Oxford University Press. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:osobl\/9780199549061.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1080\/00934690.2019.1669254","article-title":"Palynological and archaeological evidence for ritual use of wine in the Kura-Araxes Period at Aradetis Orgora (Georgia, Caucasus)","volume":"44","author":"Kvavadze","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Field Archaeol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X00097696","article-title":"Sweeter than wine? The use of the grape in early western Asia","volume":"82","author":"Miller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antiquity"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henry, O. (2013). Defining residential graves: The case of Titri\u015f H\u00f6y\u00fck in southeastern Anatolia during the late IIIrd millennium BC. Le Mort Dans la Ville: Pratiques, Contextes et Impacts des Inhumations Intra-Muros en Anatolie, du D\u00e9but de l\u2019\u00c2ge du Bronze \u00e0 L\u2019\u00e9poque Romaine, 14\u201315 Novembre, 2011, Rencontres D\u2019Arch\u00e9ologie de l\u2019IFEA 2, Institut Fran\u00e7ais d\u2019\u00c9tudes Anatoliennes Georges Dum\u00e9zil.","DOI":"10.4000\/books.ifeagd.2057"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.13109\/wdor.2018.48.2.225","article-title":"The impact of wine production in the social transformation of northern Mesopotamian societies during the third and second millennia BCE","volume":"48","author":"Laneri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Die Welt Des Orients"},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"177","article-title":"Palaeoenvironmental investigations in the Massaciuccoli basin (NW Tuscany, Italy)","volume":"109","author":"Menozzi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. Mem. Serie B"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X00101097","article-title":"A potter\u2019s workshop from Middle Bronze Age Cyprus: New light on production context, scale and variability","volume":"88","author":"Frankel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antiquity"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koh, A.J., Yasur-Landau, A., and Cline, E.H. (2014). Characterizing a Middle Bronze palatial wine cellar from Tel Kabri, Israel. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106406"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mercuri, A., Torri, P., Florenzano, A., Cl\u00f2, E., Lippi, M.M., Sgarbi, E., and Bignami, C. (2021). Sharing the agrarian knowledge with archaeology: First evidence of the dimorphism of Vitis pollen from the Middle Bronze Age of N Italy (Terramara Santa Rosa di Poviglio). Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13042287"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2020.105256","article-title":"Wine consumption in Bronze Age Italy: Combining organic residue analysis, botanical data and ceramic variability","volume":"123","author":"Pecci","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00334-014-0512-9","article-title":"Earliest evidence of a primitive cultivar of Vitis vinifera L. during the Bronze Age in Sardinia (Italy)","volume":"24","author":"Ucchesu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Veg. Hist. Archaeobot."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2005.11.012","article-title":"First evidence of white wine in ancient Egypt from Tutankhamun\u2019s tomb","volume":"33","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2005.06.013","article-title":"The origin of the ancient Egyptian drink Shedeh revealed using LC\/MS\/MS","volume":"33","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X00068356","article-title":"The meaning of wine in Egyptian tombs: The three amphorae from Tutankhamun\u2019s burial chamber","volume":"85","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antiquity"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1179\/033443510x12632070179388","article-title":"The Late Bronze Egyptian estate at Aphek","volume":"37","author":"Gadot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tel Aviv"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1179\/lev.2004.36.1.189","article-title":"Samaria: From the bedrock to the Omride palace","volume":"36","author":"Franklin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Levant"},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"93","article-title":"Confirming the function of a Final Bronze Age wine processing site in the Nuraghe Genna Maria in Villanovaforru (South Sardinia)","volume":"59","author":"Damasco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vitis"},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"333","article-title":"Indagine preliminare sull\u2019archeologia della vite (Vitis vinifera L.) in base ai caratteri diagnostici del vinacciolo","volume":"176","author":"Castelletti","year":"1995","journal-title":"Riv. Archeol. Dell\u2019antica Prov. Diocesi Como"},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"13","article-title":"The Pre-colonial Phoenician Emporium of Huelva ca 900\u2013770 BC","volume":"81","author":"Serrano","year":"2006","journal-title":"BABesch"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.15184\/aqy.2021.105","article-title":"The Phoenician diaspora in the westernmost Mediterranean: Recent discoveries","volume":"95","author":"Caro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antiquity"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/19442890.2019.1573283","article-title":"A study of Urartian red glossy pottery production in Van, Turkey, using archaeological, ethnoarchaeological and experimental archaeological methods","volume":"11","author":"Batmaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ethnoarchaeology"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00334-007-0133-7","article-title":"The agricultural consequences of colonial contacts on the Iberian Peninsula in the first millennium B.C","volume":"17","year":"2007","journal-title":"Veg. Hist. Archaeobot."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.15184\/aqy.2020.4","article-title":"Phoenician lime for Phoenician wine: Iron Age plaster from a wine press at Tell el-Burak, Lebanon","volume":"94","author":"Orsingher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiquity"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s00334-018-0667-x","article-title":"Agricultural resources on the coastal plain of Sidon during the Late Iron Age: Archaeobotanical investigations at Phoenician Tell el-Burak, Lebanon","volume":"27","author":"Orendi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Veg. Hist. Archaeobot."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1080\/00758914.2018.1547004","article-title":"Insights into the economic organization of the Phoenician homeland: A multi-disciplinary investigation of the later Iron Age II and Persian period Phoenician amphorae from Tell el-Burak","volume":"50","author":"Schmitt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Levant"},{"key":"ref_122","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Bellard, C., Gu\u00e9rin, P., and P\u00e9rez-Jord\u00e0, G. (1993). T\u00e9moignage d\u2019une production de vin dans l\u2019Espagne pr\u00e9romaine. La production du vin et de L\u2019huile en M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e. Actes du Symposium International, Aix-en-Provence et Toulon, 20\u201322 Novembre, 1991, \u00c9cole fran\u00e7aise d\u2019Ath\u00e8nes. Bulletin de Correspondance Hell\u00e9nique, Suppl\u00e9ment 26."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"226","article-title":"A preliminary palynological study of peat deposits near an oppidum in the Lower Tagus Valley, Portugal. Actas Reun. Quatern\u00e1rio Ib\u00e9rico 1985, 2, 226\u2013236","volume":"2","author":"Janssen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Actas Reun. Quatern\u00e1rio Ib\u00e9rico"},{"key":"ref_124","unstructured":"Barros, L. (1998). Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 Pr\u00e9 e Proto-Hist\u00f3ria de Almada, C\u00e2mara Municipal de Almada."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.7203\/SAGVNTVM.50.10636","article-title":"A presen\u00e7a fen\u00edcia em Lisboa: Novos vest\u00edgios descobertos no alto da colina do Castelo de S\u00e3o Jorge","volume":"50","author":"Sousa","year":"2018","journal-title":"SAGVNTVM Pap. Lab. Arqueol. Valencia"},{"key":"ref_126","unstructured":"Gaspar, C., Pascual, H.G., and Ram\u00edrez, N.V. (2020). O final da Idade do Ferro, romaniza\u00e7\u00e3o e romanidade da foz do Guadiana. Ambientes epigr\u00e1ficos y territorio: El Guadiana entre B\u00e9tica y Lusitania, Fundaci\u00f3n General de la Universidad de Alcal\u00e1."},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"51","article-title":"La Solana de las Pilillas y otros testimonios de producci\u00f3n y consumo de vino en la Meseta de Requena-Utiel","volume":"33","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lucentum"},{"key":"ref_128","unstructured":"Sancho, D. (2013). La vitivinicultura preromana al Pened\u00e8s: Indicadors arqueol\u00f2gics a Font de la Canya (Avinyonet del Pened\u00e8s, Alt Pened\u00e8s, Barcelona). El m\u00f3n de la viticultura, els vins, caves i aiguardents al Pened\u00e8s hist\u00f2ric i al Camp de Tarragona, Actes del V Seminari d\u2019Hist\u00f2ria del Pened\u00e8s, Institut d\u2019Estudis Penedesencs."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2018.10.001","article-title":"Documenting the history of the grapevine and viticulture: A quantitative eco-anatomical perspective applied to modern and archaeological charcoal","volume":"100","author":"Limier","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3989\/aespa.089.016.002","article-title":"Bodegas, lagares y almazaras en el territorio de Kelin (siglos v-iii a. C.): El caso de la Rambla de la Alcantarilla (Requena, Valencia)","volume":"89","author":"Marco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Archivo Espa\u00f1ol de Arqueolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"39","article-title":"Recently found archaeological sites of Armenia (Agarak)","volume":"3","author":"Avetisyan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aram. Armen. J. Near East. Stud."},{"key":"ref_132","unstructured":"Tumanyan, G.S. (2008). The Culture of Winepresses in Armenia, \u201cZangak-97\u201d Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"154","article-title":"Newly discovered rock-cut mausoleum of Agarak","volume":"13","author":"Kalantaryan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cult. Anc. Armen."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2016.05.014","article-title":"The limits and potential of paleogenomic techniques for reconstructing grapevine domestication","volume":"72","author":"Wales","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"9","article-title":"Various aspects of the Turdetani-Punic wine and winery of the sierra de San Crist\u00f3bal, in El Puerto de Santa Mar\u00eda (C\u00e1diz)","volume":"60","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Hist. Puerto"},{"key":"ref_136","unstructured":"Brun, J.-P., Garnier, N., and Olcese, G. (2020). Wine making in the Iberian Peninsula during the Roman period: Archaeology, archaeobotany and biochemical analysis. A. Making Wine in Western-Mediterranean, B. Production and the Trade of Amphorae: Some New Data from Italy, Propylaeum."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1017\/S0068245421000095","article-title":"The Late Hellenistic wine press excavations from Knossos: The early Iron age, Hellenistic and early Roman contexts","volume":"116","author":"Trainor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Br. Sch. Athens"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, P. (2017). O vinho na Lusit\u00e2nia, CITCEM\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Transdisciplinar \u00abCultura, Espa\u00e7o e Mem\u00f3ria\u00bb, Edi\u00e7\u00f5es Afrontamento, Lda.","DOI":"10.21747\/9789898351715\/vin2017"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E10309","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1714728114","article-title":"Early Neolithic wine of Georgia in the South Caucasus","volume":"114","author":"McGovern","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3764\/aja.119.3.0279","article-title":"Chronological contexts of the earliest pottery neolithic in the South Caucasus: Radiocarbon dates for G\u00f6ytepe and Hac\u0131 Elamxanl\u0131 Tepe, Azerbaijan","volume":"119","author":"Nishiaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Archaeol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2015.01.055","article-title":"Gadachrili Gora: Architecture and organisation of a Neolithic settlement in the middle Kura Valley (6th millennium BC, Georgia)","volume":"395","author":"Hamon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_142","unstructured":"Gasparyan, B., and Arimura, M. (2014). Late Chalcolithic and Medieval archaeobotanical remains from Areni-1 (Birds\u2019 Cave), Armenia. Stone Age of Armenia: A Guide-Book to the Stone Age Archaeology in the Republic of Armenia, Center for Cultural Resource Studies, Kanazawa University."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03027","DOI":"10.1051\/bioconf\/20160703027","article-title":"Grape and wine culture in Georgia, the South Caucasus","volume":"7","author":"Maghradze","year":"2016","journal-title":"BIO Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaa.2013.08.002","article-title":"The fruits of migration: Understanding the \u2018longue dure\u00e9\u2019 and the socio-economic relations of the Early Transcaucasian Culture","volume":"32","author":"Batiuk","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anthr. Archaeol."},{"key":"ref_145","unstructured":"Maghradze, D., Rustioni, L., Turok, J., Scienza, A., and Failla, O. (2012). The origin of \u201cOld World\u201d viticulture. Caucasus and Northern Black Sea Region Ampelography, Julius K\u00fchn-Institut."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.13109\/wdor.2018.48.2.209","article-title":"The Archaeobotany of Grape and Wine in Hittite Anatolia","volume":"48","author":"White","year":"2018","journal-title":"Die Welt Des Orients"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.13109\/wdor.2018.48.2.285","article-title":"The knowledge of viticulture in Hittite Anatolia: An interdisciplinary approach","volume":"48","author":"Corti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Die Welt Des Orients"},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"127","article-title":"The Hittite marnuwa","volume":"5","author":"Hmayakyan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aram. Armen. J. Near East. Stud."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1163\/15692124-12341261","article-title":"The material culture of Hittite \u2018God-drinking\u2019","volume":"14","author":"Heffron","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anc. Near East. Relig."},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"47","article-title":"Did the good wines come from Armenia?","volume":"3","author":"Greppin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aram. Armen. J. Near East. Stud."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGovern, P.E., Fleming, S.J., and Katz, S.H. (2003). Searching for wine in the archaeological record of ancient Mesopotamia of the third and second millennia B.C. The Origins and Ancient History of Wine, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203392836"},{"key":"ref_152","unstructured":"Avetisyan, H. (2018). Towards some problems of ancient wine-making of the Armenian Highland. \u201cBEYOND ARAGATS\u201d, Archaeological Studies in Memory of Telemak Khachatryan, \u201cGitutjun\u201d Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGovern, P.E., Fleming, S.J., and Katz, S.H. (2003). Wine and the vine in ancient Mesopotamia: The cuneiform evidence. The Origins and Ancient History of Wine, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203392836"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redford, D.B. (1992). Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times, Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691214658"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGovern, P.E., Fleming, S.J., and Katz, S.H. (2003). The earliest history of wine and its importance in ancient Egypt. The Origins and Ancient History of Wine, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203392836"},{"key":"ref_156","unstructured":"Bray, T.L. (2003). Pharaohs, feasts, and foreigners: Cooking, foodways, and agency on Ancient Egypt\u2019s southern frontier. The Archaeology and Politics of Food and Feasting in Early States and Empires, Kluwer Academic\/Plenum Publishers."},{"key":"ref_157","unstructured":"Morris, I. (2000). Archaeology as Cultural History: Words and Things in Iron Age Greece, Blackwell Publishers, Ltd."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGovern, P.E., Fleming, S.J., and Katz, S.H. (2003). Wine and viticulture in the Linear A and B texts of the Bronze Age Aegean. The Origins and Ancient History of Wine, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203392836"},{"key":"ref_159","unstructured":"Finkelstein, I., and Na\u2019aman, N. (1994). Egyptians, Canaanites, and Philistines in the period of the emergence of Israel. From Nomadism to Monarchy: Archaeological and Historical Aspects of Early Israel, Israel Exploration Society."},{"key":"ref_160","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Valle, A. (2013). Stone wine presses and cellars in the Iberian Iron Age territory of Kelin (Utiel-Requena, Val\u00e8ncia) (6th\u20132nd centuries BC). Paisajes y Patrimonio Cultural del Vino y de Otras Bebidas Psicotr\u00f3picas: Conferencia Internacional en Requena, 12\u201315 Abril, 2011, Ayuntamiento de Requena."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(82)90012-5","article-title":"The wild and the cultivated: Wine in euripides\u2019 Bacchae","volume":"5","author":"Ruck","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_162","unstructured":"Allhoff, F. (2008). Muse in a stem glass: Art, wine, and philosophy. Wine and Philosophy: A Symposium on Thinking and Drinking, Blackwell Publishing."},{"key":"ref_163","unstructured":"Dalby, A. (2003). Bacchus: A Biography, British Museum Press."},{"key":"ref_164","unstructured":"Johnston, P.A. (2015). Pottery Production at the Phoenician colony of El Castillo de Do\u00f1a Blanca (El Puerto de Santa Mar\u00eda, Spain) c. 750\u2013550 BCE. [Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University]."},{"key":"ref_165","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Bellard, C., Costa, B., G\u00f3mez-Bellard, F., Gurrea, R., Grau, E., and Mart\u00ednez-Valle, R. (1990). La Colonizaci\u00f3n Fenicia de la Isla de Ibiza, Excavaciones Arqueol\u00f3gicas en Espa\u00f1a No. 157, Ministerio de Cultura."},{"key":"ref_166","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez, S.C., and Gonz\u00e1lez, E.R. (2017). A Idade do Ferro orientalizante no vale do Tejo: As duas margens de um mesmo rio. Territorios Comparados: Los Valles del Guadalquivir, el Guadiana y el Tajo en \u00c9poca Tart\u00e9sica, Reuni\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica en M\u00e9rida, 3\u20134 Diciembre, 2015, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, Instituto Arqueolog\u00eda M\u00e9rida. Anejos de Archivo Espa\u00f1ol de Arqueolog\u00eda 80."},{"key":"ref_167","unstructured":"Arruda, A.M. (2014). A Oeste tudo de novo: Novos dados e outros modelos interpretativos para a orientaliza\u00e7\u00e3o do territ\u00f3rio portugu\u00eas. Fen\u00edcios e P\u00fanicos, por Terra e Mar, 2. Actas do VI Congresso Internacional de Estudos Fen\u00edcios e P\u00fanicos, 25 Setembro\u20131 Outubro, 2005, Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa. Estudos e Mem\u00f3rias 6."},{"key":"ref_168","unstructured":"Ciacci, A., Rendini, P., and Zifferero, A. (2012). Viticoltura, produzione e consumo del vino nell\u2019Etruria protostorica. Archeologia Della Vite e del Vino in Toscana e nel Lazio: Dalle Tecniche Dell\u2019Indagine Archeologica Alle Prospettive DELLA biologia Molecolare, All\u2019Insegna del Giglio."},{"key":"ref_169","unstructured":"Crabtree, S.A. (2016). Trade, territoriality, alliances and conflict: Complexity science approaches to the archaeological record of the U.S. Southwest with a case study from Languedoc, France. [Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Franche-Comt\u00e9]."},{"key":"ref_170","unstructured":"Verde, R.F. (2015). El cultivo de la vid y la producci\u00f3n de vino en la Pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e9rica durante el I milenio ANE. Historia y Arqueolog\u00eda en la Cultura del Vino, Instituto de Estudios Riojanos. Historia Arqueolog\u00eda 18."},{"key":"ref_171","unstructured":"Verde, R.F. (2015). La producci\u00f3n vin\u00edcola en Hispania: Procesos de producci\u00f3n y comercializaci\u00f3n del vino romano. Historia y Arqueolog\u00eda en la Cultura del Vino, Instituto de Estudios Riojanos. Historia Arqueolog\u00eda 18."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2006.07.008","article-title":"Historical origins and genetic diversity of wine grapes","volume":"22","author":"This","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-6667(89)90033-X","article-title":"A review of palaeobotanical findings of early Vitis in the Mediterranean and of the origins of cultivated grape-vines, with special reference to new pointers to prehistoric exploitation in the western Mediterranean","volume":"61","author":"Walker","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1177\/0959683607077027","article-title":"Palynological evidence for environmental and climatic change in the lower Guadiana valley, Portugal, during the last 13,000 years","volume":"17","author":"Fletcher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Holocene"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9551","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402362101","article-title":"The broad spectrum revisited: Evidence from plant remains","volume":"101","author":"Weiss","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-006-9118-9","article-title":"Phylogeographical structure and conservation genetics of wild grapevine","volume":"7","author":"Grassi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Conserv. Genet."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-004-9789-9","article-title":"Is there a future for wild grapevine (Vitis vinifera subsp","volume":"14","author":"Arnold","year":"2005","journal-title":"silvestris) in the Rhine Valley? Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"01006","DOI":"10.1051\/bioconf\/20191501006","article-title":"Evaluation of breeding potential of wild grape originating from Armenia","volume":"15","author":"Margaryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"BIO Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_179","first-page":"8","article-title":"Ecologia, ampelograf\u00eda e estado sanit\u00e1rio de algumas popula\u00e7\u00f5es de videira silvestre do Alentejo","volume":"33","author":"Ocete","year":"1999","journal-title":"Enologia"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1007\/s10722-006-9189-y","article-title":"Characterization of Portuguese populations of Vitis vinifera L. ssp. sylvestris (Gmelin) Hegi","volume":"54","author":"Cunha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genet. Resour. Crop Evol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1139\/G09-048","article-title":"New insights on the genetic basis of Portuguese grapevine and on grapevine domestication","volume":"52","author":"Lopes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genome"},{"key":"ref_182","unstructured":"Poljuha, D., and Sladonja, B. (2013). Portuguese Vitis vinifera L. germplasm: Accessing its diversity and strategies for conservation. The Mediterranean Genetic Code\u2014Grapevine and Olive, InTech."},{"key":"ref_183","first-page":"8","article-title":"Um regresso ao tema das videiras silvestres","volume":"53","author":"Martins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Assoc. Port. Enol."},{"key":"ref_184","first-page":"20130913","article-title":"The evolution of plant reproductive systems: How often are transitions irreversible?","volume":"280","author":"Barrett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGovern, P.E., Fleming, S.J., and Katz, S.H. (2003). The origin and domestication of the Vinifera grape. The Origins and Ancient History of Wine, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203392836"},{"key":"ref_186","unstructured":"Ocete, R., Cantos, M., L\u00f3pez, M.A., Gallardo, A., P\u00e9rez, M.A., Troncoso, A., Lara, M., Failla, O., Ferragut, F.J., and Li\u00f1\u00e1n, J. (2007). Caracterizaci\u00f3n y Conservaci\u00f3n del Recurso Fitogen\u00e9tico: Vid Silvestre en Andaluc\u00eda, Fundaci\u00f3n Andaluza del Alcornoque y el Corcho."},{"key":"ref_187","first-page":"245","article-title":"Vitis vinifera in the Iberian Peninsula: A review","volume":"151","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Biosyst. Int. J. Deal. All Asp. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-018-1351-0","article-title":"Genetic diversity analysis of cultivated and wild grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) accessions around the Mediterranean basin and Central Asia","volume":"18","author":"Riaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00334-019-00733-6","article-title":"More than meets the eye: New archaeobotanical evidence on Bronze Age viticulture and wine making in the Peloponnese, Greece","volume":"29","author":"Valamoti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Veg. Hist. Archaeobot."},{"key":"ref_190","first-page":"11","article-title":"Characterization of Vitis vinifera L. subspecies sylvestris (Gmelin) Hegi in the Ebro River Basin (Spain)","volume":"50","author":"Ocete","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vitis J. Grapevine Res."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2017.01.004","article-title":"Current distribution and characterization of the wild grapevine populations in Andalusia (Spain)","volume":"340","author":"Cantos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus. Biol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"srep44463","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44463","article-title":"Collection and characterization of grapevine genetic resources (Vitis vinifera) in the Holy Land, towards the renewal of ancient winemaking practices","volume":"7","author":"Drori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_193","unstructured":"Bornice, M. (2015). Physiological study of Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sylvestris. [Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pisa]."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-003-1321-1","article-title":"Evidence of a secondary grapevine domestication centre detected by SSR analysis","volume":"107","author":"Grassi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcp298","article-title":"Evolution and history of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) under domestication: New morphometric perspectives to understand seed domestication syndrome and reveal origins of ancient European cultivars","volume":"105","author":"Terral","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3530","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009363108","article-title":"Genetic structure and domestication history of the grape","volume":"108","author":"Myles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_197","first-page":"800","article-title":"Genetic diversity of wild grapevine populations in Spain and their genetic relationships with cultivated grapevines","volume":"21","author":"Benito","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Onofrio, C. (2020). Introgression among cultivated and wild grapevine in Tuscany. Front. Plant Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.00202"},{"key":"ref_199","first-page":"155","article-title":"The origin of grapevine cultivation in Italy: The archaeobotanical evidence","volume":"3","author":"Marvelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Di Bot."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00198587","article-title":"A palaeocarpological study of Neolithic and Bronze Age levels of the Buraco da Pala rock-shelter (Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal)","volume":"2","author":"Rego","year":"1993","journal-title":"Veg. Hist. Archaeobotany"},{"key":"ref_201","unstructured":"Maghradze, D., Rustioni, L., Turok, J., Scienza, A., and Failla, O. (2012). Viticulture and winemaking in Armenia. Caucasus and Northern Black Sea Region Ampelography, Julius K\u00fchn-Institut."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1007\/s10722-014-0125-2","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Vitis vinifera in Georgia: Relationships between local cultivars and wild grapevine, V","volume":"61","author":"Ekhvaia","year":"2014","journal-title":"vinifera L. subsp. sylvestris. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.00127","article-title":"Genetic relationships among Portuguese cultivated and wild Vitis vinifera L","volume":"11","author":"Cunha","year":"2020","journal-title":"germplasm. Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_204","unstructured":"Billiard, R. (1913). La Vigne Dans l\u2019Antiquit\u00e9, \u00c9ditions Jeanne Laffitte."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1079\/PGR2006114","article-title":"Genetic characterization and relationships of traditional grape cultivars from Transcaucasia and Anatolia","volume":"4","author":"Vouillamoz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Genet. Resour."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"01013","DOI":"10.1051\/bioconf\/20150501013","article-title":"Multidisciplinary investigation of identity of the \u201cAreni\u201d grape variety","volume":"5","author":"Hovhannisyan","year":"2015","journal-title":"BIO Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.20870\/oeno-one.2021.55.4.4815","article-title":"SSR and SNP genetic profiling of Armenian grape cultivars gives insights into their identity and pedigree relationships","volume":"55","author":"Nebish","year":"2021","journal-title":"OENO One"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-019-0437-5","article-title":"Palaeogenomic insights into the origins of French grapevine diversity","volume":"5","author":"Runge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/ajgw.12439","article-title":"Morphometric comparison of current, Roman-era and medieval Vitis seeds from the north-west of Spain","volume":"26","author":"Boso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust. J. Grape Wine Res."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7879","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7879","article-title":"Vitis flower types: From the wild to crop plants","volume":"7","author":"Coito","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vandermersch, C. (1994). Vins et Amphores de Grande Gr\u00e8ce et de Sicile: IVe IIIe s. Avant J.-C., Publications du Centre Jean B\u00e9rard.","DOI":"10.4000\/books.pcjb.957"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taskesenlioglu, M.Y., Ercisli, S., Kupe, M., and Ercisli, N. (2022). History of grape in Anatolia and historical sustainable grape production in Erzincan agroecological conditions in Turkey. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14031496"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3197\/ge.2020.130208","article-title":"Agroforestry and the reappraisal of Roman viticulture","volume":"13","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Environ."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aversano, R., Basile, B., Buonincontri, M.P., Carucci, F., Carputo, M., Frusciante, L., and Di Pasquale, G. (2017). Dating the beginning of the Roman viticultural model in the Western Mediterranean: The case study of Chianti (Central Italy). PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186298"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Almeida Costa, A.I., Marano-Marcolini, C., Malfeito-Ferreira, M., and Loureiro, V. (2021). Historical wines of Portugal: The classification, consumer associations and marketing implications. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10050979"}],"container-title":["Heritage"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2571-9408\/5\/2\/43\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:49:05Z","timestamp":1760136545000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2571-9408\/5\/2\/43"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]]},"references-count":215,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["heritage5020043"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/heritage5020043","relation":{},"ISSN":["2571-9408"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2571-9408","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]]}}}