{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T10:34:31Z","timestamp":1762079671719,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,4]],"date-time":"2022-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (FCT\/MCTES), Portugal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/52317\/2013","UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDP\/50006\/2020","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125\u2013IST"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/52317\/2013","UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDP\/50006\/2020","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125\u2013IST"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry- LAQV","award":["SFRH\/BD\/52317\/2013","UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDP\/50006\/2020","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125\u2013IST"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/52317\/2013","UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDP\/50006\/2020","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125\u2013IST"]}]},{"name":"RNEM (Portuguese Mass Spectrometry Network)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/52317\/2013","UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDP\/50006\/2020","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125\u2013IST"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/52317\/2013","UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDP\/50006\/2020","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125\u2013IST"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Heritage"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chromogenic reversal films (or color slides) are first-generation positive transparencies. These were used for various purposes, namely as an artistic medium, especially from the 1960s onwards. However, these materials are intrinsically vulnerable to chemical degradation and have poor long-term stability. Although over time significant improvements have been achieved in the stability of chromogenic products, chromogenic dyes are highly susceptible to oxidation and hydrolysis, both induced by light and\/or relative humidity and temperature, leading to the fading and shift in the original color balance of the images. During the present investigation, a gap of knowledge regarding chromogenic materials in general, and chromogenic reversal films specifically, was detected. Today, there is still no methodology to identify the dyes present in a specific work and, therefore, to study their chemical mechanism of degradation. From this premise and focused on case studies from the Portuguese artist \u00c2ngelo de Sousa (1938\u20132011), a research study was carried out seeking the characterization of chromogenic dyes. Based on the isolation of the different dyes composing a chromogenic material, several procedures were tested to describe the dyes found in chromogenic reversal films, such as Raman spectroscopy, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), infrared spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS). Promising results were achieved with this approach, opening new paths for the understanding of these materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/heritage5040203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T11:02:10Z","timestamp":1670238130000},"page":"3946-3969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Contributions to the Characterization of Chromogenic Dyes in Color Slides"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5190-3101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o e Restauro, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT-NOVA, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1333-9076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Jorge","family":"Parola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT-NOVA, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3068-4920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9710-3895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bertrand","family":"Lav\u00e9drine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 75005 Paris, France"}]},{"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o e Restauro, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT-NOVA, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Reilly, J.M. 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