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Colorimetry analysis was also performed. After 6 years of application on filter paper, three inks were selected to be cleaned using a novel green approach based on a chemically crosslinked gel to remove unwanted materials from the ink surface. A Braga ink produced in 2018 was also tested. Two degradation products were identified; iron sulfate was the main degradation product in the Braga ink. For Montpellier, Guadalupe, and QI.8 inks, the main degradation product was a complex of iron with ellagic acid. These compounds were accurately confirmed using microFTIR. Several tests were performed to clean these degradation products with the gels. The Braga ink was cleaned with 10% ethanol in water, which was included in the gel, and the iron sulfate was removed within 15 s of application. On the other hand, the complex of iron with ellagic acid demanded longer application times; we used 2 min and repeated the application until the compound was removed. The novelty of this research has practical implications for the conservation of historical documents and artworks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/heritage8070261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T03:47:26Z","timestamp":1751600846000},"page":"261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Study on the Degradation of Iron Gall Inks and to Preserve Them Using Green Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2308-8634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nat\u00e9rcia","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, DQB, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Nabais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE and DCR, Nova School of Science and Technology, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2336-0773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Otero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE and DCR, Nova School of Science and Technology, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"VICARTE, Department of Conservation and Restoration, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0857-3383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael Javier","family":"D\u00edaz Hidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Historia, Facultad de Filosof\u00eda y Letras, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, Pl. Cardenal Salazar, 14003 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Ferretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9276-1530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Licchelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7393-6801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria J.","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE and DCR, Nova School of Science and Technology, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Medieval Studies (IEM), NOVA University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1646-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kolar, J., and Strlic, M. (2006). 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