{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T05:21:12Z","timestamp":1766726472118,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SCENTINEL"},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UI\/BD\/154743\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/154743\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UID\/50020\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50020\/2025"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Heritage"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Palm oil (Elaeis guineensis), one of the most widely used vegetable oils globally, originates from West Africa and has played a significant role in food, health care, and historical trade networks. It holds cultural, historical, ecological and symbolic significance in Bahia, Brazil. Unlike industrial monocultures, Bahia\u2019s dend\u00ea economy is rooted in biodiverse landscapes, maintained through artisanal methods and generational knowledge. Yet, this traditional system faces mounting pressures from deforestation, declining artisanal production, and the industrialization of palm oil supply chains. Parallel to these ecological and economic threats is the abandonment of Bahia\u2019s historical processing infrastructure: many traditional mills and industrial heritage sites have been lost, eroding both tangible and intangible cultural landscapes. These shifts have profound implications for the Baianas do Acaraj\u00e9, the iconic street vendors who embody the matriarchal cultural lineage and rely on high-quality, traditionally produced dend\u00ea for their Afro-Brazilian cuisine. The increasing cost and reduced availability of artisanal oil compromise not only their livelihoods but also the authenticity of comidas de azeite, diminishing a sensory and symbolic culinary tradition. This study adopts a rigorous interdisciplinary methodology, synthesizing ethnography, heritage science, and engineering principles to explore how these artisanal practices can help us solve modern industrial sustainability problems. This article argues that Bahia\u2019s palm oil heritage embodies a multifaceted heritage, spanning religious, economic, ecological, and cultural dimensions, that remains under-recognized and vulnerable. Drawing from UNESCO\u2019s framework of intangible cultural heritage, the study not only details how these practices are transmitted across generations through the matriarchal culinary lineage, but ultimately advances three core contributions, analyzing artisanal performance, proposing a transferable sustainability framework, and outlining actionable pathways, to demonstrate that local communities are co-designers of solutions whose heritage offers a proven blueprint to address contemporary industrial sustainability challenges, calling for informed recognition and support to safeguard this essential component of Brazil\u2019s Afro-descendant cultural identity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/heritage9010006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T12:22:27Z","timestamp":1766578947000},"page":"6","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bahia\u2019s Dend\u00ea and the Forgotten Knowledge: Cultural Heritage, Sustainability, and the Marginalization of Afro-Brazilian Traditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3092-8136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luana de Pinho","family":"Queiroz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM, ALiCE, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Chemical Engineering Department, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem S\u00e6landsvei 4, Kjemiblokk 5, 793101 Trondheim, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1603-1453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robson Wilson Silva","family":"Pessoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering Department, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem S\u00e6landsvei 4, Kjemiblokk 5, 793101 Trondheim, Norway"}]},{"given":"Alcides S.","family":"Caldas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geografia, Instituto de Geoci\u00eancias, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Bar\u00e3o de Geremoabo, s\/n\u2014Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Ondina, Salvador 40170-970, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ronilda Iyakemi","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Paulista, Rua Vergueiro, 1211\u2014Para\u00edso, S\u00e3o Paulo 01533-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4269-1420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Mafalda","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM, ALiCE, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Matija","family":"Strlic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heritage Science Laboratory Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ve\u010dna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Institute for Sustainable Heritage, University College London, 14 Upper Woburn Place, London WC1H 0NN, UK"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Bembibre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Sustainable Heritage, University College London, 14 Upper Woburn Place, London WC1H 0NN, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0963-6449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Idelfonso B. R.","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering Department, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem S\u00e6landsvei 4, Kjemiblokk 5, 793101 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Universidade Paulista, Rua Vergueiro, 1211\u2014Para\u00edso, S\u00e3o Paulo 01533-000, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2015.01.003","article-title":"Palm oil: Processing, characterization and utilization in the food industry\u2014A review","volume":"10","author":"Mba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayes, S. (2020). The history and economic importance of the oil palm. The Oil Palm Genome, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-22549-0_1"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watkins, C. (2024). 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