{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T14:10:21Z","timestamp":1767190221640,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10.54499\/CEECINST\/00102\/2018\/CP1567\/CT0038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/CEECINST\/00102\/2018\/CP1567\/CT0038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023.11076.TENURE.045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.11076.TENURE.045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10.54499\/UID\/00729\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/UID\/00729\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10.54499\/UID\/PRR\/00729\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/UID\/PRR\/00729\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10.54499\/UIDB\/04559\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/UIDB\/04559\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10.54499\/UIDP\/04559\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/UIDP\/04559\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Heritage"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Portuguese ceramic tile (azulejo) production has evolved significantly since its beginnings in the 16th century. While historic tiles reflect well-established traditional techniques and styles, modern and contemporary works began to explore new aesthetic and material possibilities, introducing textures, surface effects, and experimental approaches that challenge conventional conservation methods. This study examines a contemporary Portuguese tile panel dated from 1987, featuring decorative effect glazes with crater and crazing textures, which were characterized and reproduced. Analytical techniques, including optical microscopy, micro-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and Raman spectroscopy in microscopic mode, were employed to characterize material composition and formation mechanisms. Results showed that the crater-effect glazes were achieved with a silica-rich glaze recipe with MnO2 and ZrO2. The crazing effect developed in regions where unmelted crystalline silica induced internal stresses within a lead-silicate glaze, contributing to localized degradation. Experimental reproductions of the glazes, guided by analytical data, were conducted to better understand their formation and inform conservation strategies. The results provide essential insights for the technical assessment, documentation, and preservation of contemporary ceramic artworks featuring decorative effect glazes and contribute to the broader field of cultural heritage conservation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/heritage9010012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T13:30:52Z","timestamp":1767187852000},"page":"12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["GLAZE EFFECTS\u2014Analytical Approaches for Documentation and Conservation Assessment of a Contemporary Tile Panel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Rafaela","family":"Schenkel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Lisbon, Largo da Academia Nacional de Belas-Artes 4, 1249-058 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0767-7829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Fortuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Lisbon, Largo da Academia Nacional de Belas-Artes 4, 1249-058 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"VICARTE\u2014Research Unit \u201cGlass and Ceramics for the Arts\u201d, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2338-8960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Coentro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VICARTE\u2014Research Unit \u201cGlass and Ceramics for the Arts\u201d, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Conservation and Restoration Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6957-0701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Manso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Lisbon, Largo da Academia Nacional de Belas-Artes 4, 1249-058 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"VICARTE\u2014Research Unit \u201cGlass and Ceramics for the Arts\u201d, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"LIBPhys, Physics Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Mimoso, J.M., and Esteves, L. (2011). Vocabul\u00e1rio Ilustrado da Degrada\u00e7\u00e3o dos Azulejos Hist\u00f3ricos, LNEC\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Engenharia Civil."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Eppler, R.A., and Eppler, D.R. (2000). Glazes and Glass Coatings, The American Ceramic Society."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Rhodes, D. (1957). Clay and Glazes for the Potter, Greenberg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bloomfield, L. (2020). Special Effect Glazes, Herbert Press.","DOI":"10.5040\/9781789942989"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Vidal, J. (2006). Estudos Te\u00f3rico-Pr\u00e1ticos\u2014Disciplina Cer\u00e2mica II (Ceramics II\u2014Lecture Notes), Faculdade de Belas Artes da Universidade de Lisboa."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bsecv.2023.01.006","article-title":"Naples Yellow: Experimental Re-Working of Historical Recipes and the Influence of the Glazing Process in the in Situ Analysis of Historical Artwork","volume":"62","author":"Veronesi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bol. Soc. Esp. Ceram. Y Vidr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2024.01.011","article-title":"The Colour Palette of 16th-18th Century Azulejos: A Multi-Analytical Non-Invasive Study","volume":"66","author":"Bandiera","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Oliveira, A. (2016). Jorge Barradas e Seus Caprichos, Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o e Restauro de um Painel. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Faculdade de Belas-Artes da Universidade de Lisboa]."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Sarroeira, S. (2020). Jorge Rey Cola\u00e7o: Estudo, Interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o e Reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o de T\u00e9cnicas Realizadas pelo Artista e Sua Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o na Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o e Restauro de Paineis Azulejares. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Faculdade de Belas-Artes da Universidade de Lisboa]."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Figueiredo, E. (2022). As Cores Na Azulejaria Portuguesa: Restauro e Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o Anal\u00edtica de dois Conjuntos Azulejares dos S\u00e9culos XVII-XVIII Pertencentes ao Museu Nacional do Azulejo. [Master\u2019s Thesis, NOVA School of Science and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Martins, M. (2024). Estudo, Diagn\u00f3stico e Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de um Painel de Azulejos Do S\u00e9culo XVIII. [Master\u2019s Thesis, NOVA School of Science and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.5960","article-title":"Raman and X-Ray Fluorescence Glaze Characterisation of Maria Keil\u2019s Decorative Tile Panels","volume":"52","author":"Mortari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Lima, F. (2024). Jos\u00e9 Ant\u00f3nio Jorge Pinto, Estudo Sobre o Artista e sua Obra Azulejar. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Faculdade de Belas-Artes da Universidade de Lisboa]."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colomban, P., Gironda, M., Simsek Franci, G., and d\u2019Abrigeon, P. (2022). Distinguishing Genuine Imperial Qing Dynasty Porcelain from Ancient Replicas by On-Site Non-Invasive XRF and Raman Spectroscopy. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15165747"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.3390\/heritage3040072","article-title":"Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (P-Xrf) Uncertainty Estimation for Glazed Ceramic Analysis: Case of Iznik Tiles","volume":"3","author":"Arli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heritage"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"103788","article-title":"Selecting Reproducible Elements in Non-Destructive Portable X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Prehistoric and Early Historical Ceramics from Korea","volume":"47","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1107\/S160057751401875X","article-title":"Correcting for Surface Topography in X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging","volume":"21","author":"Geil","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Synchrotron Radiat."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trojek, T., and Trojkov\u00e1, D. (2023). Uncertainty of Quantitative X-Ray Fluorescence Micro-Analysis of Metallic Artifacts Caused by Their Curved Shapes. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16031133"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Alves, N.A. (2021). Pigmentos Sobre a Terra: Pain\u00e9is Contempor\u00e2neos do Acervo de Cer\u00e2mica da FBAUL. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Faculdade de Belas Artes Universidade de Lisboa]."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Geraldes, C. (2021). Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o dos Azulejos Modernos Portugueses (1950\u20131974). [Ph.D. Thesis, NOVA University Lisbon]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2023.03.131","article-title":"Effect of Zirconia Addition Amount in Glaze on Mechanical Properties of Porcelain Slabs","volume":"49","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, W.J., and Chang, Y.H. (2018). Growth without Postannealing of Monoclinic VO2 Thin Film by Atomic Layer Deposition Using VCl4 as Precursor. Coatings, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings8120431"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2025, December 11). The RRUFF Project. Available online: https:\/\/www.rruff.net\/odr\/rruff_sample#\/odr\/view\/640650\/2010\/eyJkdF9pZCI6IjczOCIsInNvcnRfYnkiOlt7InNvcnRfZGZfaWQiOiI3MDUyIiwic29ydF9kaXIiOiJhc2MifV0sIjcwNTIiOiJTaWxpY29uIiwiNzA1NSI6IlNpIn0."}],"container-title":["Heritage"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2571-9408\/9\/1\/12\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T14:05:31Z","timestamp":1767189931000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2571-9408\/9\/1\/12"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["heritage9010012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/heritage9010012","relation":{},"ISSN":["2571-9408"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2571-9408","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]}}}