{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:20:01Z","timestamp":1760145601195,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Research Support of the Minas Gerais State (FAPEMIG)","award":["CAG-APQ-01495-15","PPM-00412-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAG-APQ-01495-15","PPM-00412-18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Horticulturae"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The fast and effective monitoring of agrochemical residues is essential for assuring food safety, since many agricultural products are sprayed with pesticides and commercialised without waiting for the pre-harvest interval. In this study, we investigated the use of spectral reflectance combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to evaluate the discrimination of fungicide-contaminated lettuces, considering three maximum residue limits (MRLs) [3.5, 5, and 7 mg carbon disulphide (CS2) kg\u22121]. The non-systemic Mancozeb fungicide (dithiocarbamate) was adopted in this research. Spectral reflectance (Vis\/NIR) was measured by a hand-held spectrometer connected to a clip probe with an integrating sphere. The lettuce spectra were pre-treated (centring, standard normal variate, and first derivative) before data processing. Our findings suggest that PCA recognised inherent similarities in the fungicide-contaminated lettuce spectra, categorising them into two distinct groups. The PLS-DA models for all MRLs resulted in high accuracy levels, with correct discriminations ranging from 94.5 to 100% for the external validation dataset. Overall, our study demonstrates that spectroscopy combined with discriminating methods is a promising tool for non-destructive and fast discrimination of fungicide-contaminated lettuces. This methodology can be used in industrial food processing, enabling large-scale individual analysis and real-time decision making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae10080828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T15:45:22Z","timestamp":1722872722000},"page":"828","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Discrimination of Fungicide-Contaminated Lettuces Based on Maximum Residue Limits Using Spectroscopy and Chemometrics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3125-8330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Jos\u00e9","family":"Steidle Neto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o del-Rei\u2014UFSJ, Campus Sete Lagoas, Sete Lagoas 35701-970, MG, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0135-2249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o L. M. P.","family":"de Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre\u2014MARE, Aquatic Research Network\u2014ARNET, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7094-3635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre Mani\u00e7oba da Rosa Ferraz","family":"Jardim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Biosciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University\u2014UNESP, Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2612-3140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela de Carvalho","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o del-Rei\u2014UFSJ, Campus Sete Lagoas, Sete Lagoas 35701-970, MG, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8355-4935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thieres George Freire da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco\u2014UFRPE, Recife 52171-900, PE, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.04.071","article-title":"Study of the Contamination Rate and Change in Growth Features of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa Linn.) in Response to Cadmium and a Survey of Its Phytochelatin Synthase Gene","volume":"180","author":"Yazdi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1080\/00032719.2022.2067557","article-title":"Characterization of the Maximal Nutritional Value of Lactuca sativa (Lettuce) Based upon Elemental Analysis","volume":"56","author":"Dehelean","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2013.05.022","article-title":"Factors Governing the Removal of Mancozeb Residues from Lettuces with Washing Solutions","volume":"34","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/19393210.2022.2028196","article-title":"Pesticides in Fruits and Vegetables from the Souss Massa Region, Morocco","volume":"15","author":"Choubbane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part B"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1080\/19393210.2022.2028311","article-title":"Monitoring and Dietary Exposure Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Strawberry in Beijing, China","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part B"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/19393210.2021.1953156","article-title":"Pesticide Residues in Tomato Crops in Western Algeria","volume":"14","author":"Gaouar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part B"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/19393210.2019.1625975","article-title":"Pesticide Residues in Ready-to-Eat Leafy Vegetables from Markets of Santiago, Chile, and Consumer\u2019s Risk","volume":"12","author":"Elgueta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part B"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/19393210.2012.657693","article-title":"Monitoring Dithiocarbamate Fungicide Residues in Greenhouse and Non-Greenhouse Tomatoes in Iran by HPLC-UV","volume":"5","author":"Jafari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part B"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138244","article-title":"Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables Contaminated with Pesticide Residues in Brazil: A Systematic Review with Health Risk Assessment","volume":"322","author":"Galvan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1080\/00032719.2022.2136191","article-title":"Determination of Trace Ziram in Food by Magnesium Hydroxide Coprecipitation with Indirect Detection by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS)","volume":"56","author":"Soylak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2008.10.008","article-title":"Residue Analysis of Dithiocarbamate Fungicides","volume":"28","author":"Crnogorac","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.01.019","article-title":"Changes in the Metabolome of Lettuce Leaves Due to Exposure to Mancozeb Pesticide","volume":"154","author":"Pereira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04928.x","article-title":"Results of Long-Term Experimental Studies on the Carcinogenicity of Ethylene-Bis-Dithiocarbamate (Mancozeb) in Rats","volume":"982","author":"Belpoggi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2024, June 01). JMPR Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues\u2014FAO\/WHO\u2014Mancozeb. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/fileadmin\/templates\/agphome\/documents\/Pests_Pesticides\/JMPR\/Evaluation93\/mancoz.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2024, June 01). PMRA Pest Management Regulatory Agency\u2014Proposed Maximum Residue Limit PMRL2018-27, Ethylene Bis-Dithiocarbamate (EBDC) Fungicides: Mancozeb, Metiram, Maneb and Zineb. Available online: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/content\/dam\/hc-sc\/documents\/services\/consumer-product-safety\/pesticides-pest-management\/public\/consultations\/proposed-maximum-residue-limit\/2018\/ethylene_bis_dithiocarbamate\/PMRL2018-27-eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2024, June 01). JMPR Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues\u2014FAO\/WHO\u2014Pesticides Database: Dithiocarbamates. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/fao-who-codexalimentarius\/codex-texts\/dbs\/pestres\/pesticide-detail\/en\/?p_id=105."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2024, June 01). HSE Health & Safety Executive\u2014The Great Britain MRL Statutory Register, Available online: https:\/\/secure.pesticides.gov.uk\/MRLs\/search."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2024, June 01). MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development\u2014Pesticide Residues Databases, Available online: https:\/\/data.gov.il\/dataset\/mrl\/resource\/3ee1cd66-6176-4c1f-8d38-8f36a1461426."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2024, May 31). APVMA Federal Register of Legislation\u2014Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code\u2014Schedule 20\u2014Maximum Residue Limits, Available online: https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.au\/F2015L00468\/2023-02-21\/text."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2024, June 01). MPI Ministry for Primary Industries\u2014Maximum Residue Levels for Agricultural Compounds, Available online: https:\/\/www.mpi.govt.nz\/agriculture\/agricultural-compounds-vet-medicines\/maximum-residue-levels-agricultural-compounds\/."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2024, June 01). JFCRF Japan Food Chemical Research Foundation\u2014Table of MRLs for Agricultural Chemicals: Dithiocarbamates. Available online: http:\/\/db.ffcr.or.jp\/front\/."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2024, June 01). CFS Centre for Food Safety\u2014Hong Kong Pesticide MRL Database. Pesticide Residues in Food Regulation (Cap. 132CM), Available online: https:\/\/www.cfs.gov.hk\/english\/mrl\/index.php."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2024, June 01). EPA Environmental Protection Agency\u2014Mancozeb, Maneb, Metiram, and Thiram; Tolerance Actions, Available online: https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2014\/05\/14\/2014-10955\/mancozeb-maneb-metiram-and-thiram-tolerance-actions."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2024, June 01). MFDS Ministry of Food and Drug Safety\u2014Pesticides and Veterinary Drugs Information. Available online: http:\/\/www.foodsafetykorea.go.kr\/residue\/prd\/mrls\/list.do?menuKey=1&subMenuKey=161."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137342","article-title":"Trends in Dithiocarbamates Food Research: A Bibliometric Vision","volume":"313","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (2013). The 2010 European Union Report on Pesticide Residues in Food. EFSA J., 11, 3130.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2013.3130"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2024, June 01). OJEU Official Journal of the European Union\u2014Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020\/2087. Document 32020R2087. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg_impl\/2020\/2087\/oj."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1080\/00032719.2023.2246605","article-title":"Cloud Point Microextraction Prior to Flame-Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for the Determination of Zinc Ethylene-1,2-Bisdithiocarbamate (Zineb) in Food and Environmental Samples","volume":"57","author":"Alshana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-014-1393-8","article-title":"Application of Wavelet Analysis to Spectral Data for Categorization of Lamb Muscles","volume":"8","author":"Pu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-015-0366-5","article-title":"Evaluation of Techniques for Automatic Classification of Lettuce Based on Spectral Reflectance","volume":"9","author":"Moura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2010.12.037","article-title":"Determination at Low Ppm Levels of Dithiocarbamate Residues in Foodstuff by Vapour Phase-Liquid Phase Microextraction-Infrared Spectroscopy","volume":"688","author":"Garrigues","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-014-9916-5","article-title":"Use of Hyperspectral Imaging to Discriminate the Variety and Quality of Rice","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.08.041","article-title":"Discrimination of Five Tunisian Cultivars by Mid InfraRed Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometric Analyses of Olive Olea Europaea Leaves","volume":"131","author":"Aouidi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2013.08.021","article-title":"Identification of Grapevine Varieties Using Leaf Spectroscopy and Partial Least Squares","volume":"99","author":"Diago","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2012.08.016","article-title":"Discrimination of Arabica Coffee Cultivars by Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry and Chemometrics","volume":"50","author":"Garrett","year":"2013","journal-title":"LWT\u2014Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859618000539","article-title":"Classification of Sugarcane Varieties Using Visible\/near Infrared Spectral Reflectance of Stalks and Multivariate Methods","volume":"156","author":"Lopes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2015.04.007","article-title":"Detection of Decay in Fresh-Cut Lettuce Using Hyperspectral Imaging and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Imaging","volume":"106","author":"Simko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2013.04.017","article-title":"Examination of the Quality of Spinach Leaves Using Hyperspectral Imaging","volume":"85","author":"Diezma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2014.09.002","article-title":"Development of a Multispectral Imaging System for Online Detection of Bruises on Apples","volume":"146","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1127\/0941-2948\/2013\/0507","article-title":"K\u00f6ppen\u2019s Climate Classification Map for Brazil","volume":"22","author":"Alvares","year":"2013","journal-title":"Meteorol. Zeitschrift"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60207a067","article-title":"Spectrophotometric Determination of Dithiocarbamate Residues on Food Crops","volume":"36","author":"Cullen","year":"1964","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"528","article-title":"Collaborative Study of the Determination of the Dithiocarbamate Residues by a Modified Carbon Disulfide Evolution Method","volume":"54","author":"Keppel","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2004.07.006","article-title":"Dithiocarbamates Residues in Brazilian Food and the Potential Risk for Consumers","volume":"42","author":"Caldas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"105","article-title":"Classification and Authentication of Plants by Chemometric Analysis of Spectral Data","volume":"80","author":"Lopes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2014.07.015","article-title":"Feasibility of NIR Spectroscopy to Detect Olive Fruit Infested by Bactrocera Oleae","volume":"99","author":"Moscetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2013.11.012","article-title":"Spectral Analysis of Winter Wheat Leaves for Detection and Differentiation of Diseases and Insects","volume":"156","author":"Yuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"F. Crop. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Martens, H., and N\u00e6s, T. (1992). Multivariate Calibration, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60214a047","article-title":"Smoothing and Differentiation of Data by Simplified Least Squares Procedures","volume":"36","author":"Savitzky","year":"1964","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-008-1989-9","article-title":"Application of Multivariate Data-Analysis Techniques to Biomedical Diagnostics Based on Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy","volume":"391","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2007.05.024","article-title":"Supervised Pattern Recognition in Food Analysis","volume":"1158","author":"Berrueta","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Saporta, G. (2011). Probabilit\u00e9s, Analyse Des Donn\u00e9es et Statistique, TECHNIP. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2015.06.056","article-title":"Validation of Chemometric Models\u2014A Tutorial","volume":"893","author":"Westad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2007.12.022","article-title":"Near Infrared Spectroscopy for on\/in-Line Monitoring of Quality in Foods and Beverages: A Review","volume":"87","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2013.12.038","article-title":"Limitations and Current Applications of Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Single Seed Analysis","volume":"121","author":"Agelet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1366\/0003702884430227","article-title":"Application of Multidimensional Analyses to the Extraction of Discriminant Spectral Patterns from NIR Spectra","volume":"42","author":"Devaux","year":"1988","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(91)90048-B","article-title":"A Review of Assessing the Accuracy of Classifications of Remotely Sensed Data","volume":"37","author":"Congalton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031","article-title":"Interrater Reliability: The Kappa Statistic","volume":"22","author":"McHugh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Medica"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salkind, N.J. (2007). Encyclopedia of Measurement and Statistics, SAGE Publications. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412952644"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2019.110316","article-title":"Investigating Potato Late Blight Physiological Differences across Potato Cultivars with Spectroscopy and Machine Learning","volume":"295","author":"Gold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3548","DOI":"10.1021\/es303525x","article-title":"Variability of Pesticide Dissipation Half-Lives in Plants","volume":"47","author":"Fantke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2015.1031192","article-title":"Non-Destructive Detection of Pesticide Residues in Cucumber Using Visible\/near-Infrared Spectroscopy","volume":"32","author":"Jamshidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2008.12.039","article-title":"Recent Development in Derivative Ultraviolet\/Visible Absorption Spectrophotometry: 2004\u20132008: A Review","volume":"635","author":"Rojas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, G., Li, H., Li, Y., Hu, Y., Wang, G., Ma, B., and Wang, H. (2023). Multiscale Deepspectra Network: Detection of Pyrethroid Pesticide Residues on the Hami Melon. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12091742"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.8002","article-title":"Non-Destructive Prediction of Pigment Content in Lettuce Based on Visible\u2013NIR Spectroscopy","volume":"97","author":"Moura","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s11099-014-0016-y","article-title":"Different Responses of Young and Expanded Lettuce Leaves to Fungicide Mancozeb: Chlorophyll Fluorescence, Lipid Peroxidation, Pigments and Proline Content","volume":"52","author":"Dias","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photosynthetica"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2018.08.001","article-title":"Classification of Cowpea Beans Using Multielemental Fingerprinting Combined with Supervised Learning","volume":"95","author":"Gaiad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.12.032","article-title":"Fast and Robust Discrimination of Almonds (Prunus Amygdalus) with Respect to Their Bitterness by Using near Infrared and Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis","volume":"153","author":"Amigo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2017.08.050","article-title":"Fast Classification of Hazelnut Cultivars through Portable Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics","volume":"189","author":"Manfredi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta\u2014Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."}],"container-title":["Horticulturae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2311-7524\/10\/8\/828\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:29:59Z","timestamp":1760110199000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2311-7524\/10\/8\/828"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["horticulturae10080828"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/horticulturae10080828","relation":{},"ISSN":["2311-7524"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2311-7524"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]}}}