{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T17:26:13Z","timestamp":1773941173467,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,18]],"date-time":"2024-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/145182\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/145182\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["10.54499\/2023.01760.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/2023.01760.BD"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["SFRH\/BD 2023.01424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD 2023.01424"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["CEEIND\/017801\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEEIND\/017801\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["PTDC\/ASP-HOR\/1338\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ASP-HOR\/1338\/2021"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["SFRH\/BD\/145182\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/145182\/2019"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["10.54499\/2023.01760.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/2023.01760.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["SFRH\/BD 2023.01424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD 2023.01424"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["CEEIND\/017801\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEEIND\/017801\/2018"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["PTDC\/ASP-HOR\/1338\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ASP-HOR\/1338\/2021"]}]},{"name":"National Funds through the FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P. (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/145182\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/145182\/2019"]}]},{"name":"National Funds through the FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P. (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology)","award":["10.54499\/2023.01760.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/2023.01760.BD"]}]},{"name":"National Funds through the FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P. (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology)","award":["SFRH\/BD 2023.01424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD 2023.01424"]}]},{"name":"National Funds through the FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P. (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology)","award":["CEEIND\/017801\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEEIND\/017801\/2018"]}]},{"name":"National Funds through the FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P. (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology)","award":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Funds through the FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P. (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology)","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Funds through the FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P. (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology)","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Funds through the FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P. (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology)","award":["PTDC\/ASP-HOR\/1338\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ASP-HOR\/1338\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Horticulturae"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates how grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) respond to shading induced by artificial nets, focusing on physiological and metabolic changes. Through a multidisciplinary approach, grapevines\u2019 adaptations to shading are presented via biochemical analyses and hyperspectral data that are then combined with systems biology techniques. In the study, conducted in a \u2018Moscatel Galego Branco\u2019 vineyard in Portugal\u2019s Douro Wine Region during post-veraison, shading was applied and predawn leaf water potential (\u03a8pd) was then measured to assess water stress. Biochemical analyses and hyperspectral data were integrated to explore adaptations to shading, revealing higher chlorophyll levels (chlorophyll a-b 117.39% higher) and increased Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels in unshaded vines (52.10% higher). Using a self-learning artificial intelligence algorithm (SL-AI), simulations highlighted ROS\u2019s role in stress response and accurately predicted chlorophyll a (R2: 0.92, MAPE: 24.39%), chlorophyll b (R2: 0.96, MAPE: 17.61%), and ROS levels (R2: 0.76, MAPE: 52.17%). In silico simulations employing flux balance analysis (FBA) elucidated distinct metabolic phenotypes between shaded and unshaded vines across cellular compartments. Integrating these findings provides a systems biology approach for understanding grapevine responses to environmental stressors. The leveraging of advanced omics technologies and precise metabolic models holds immense potential for untangling grapevine metabolism and optimizing viticultural practices for enhanced productivity and quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae10080873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T07:37:21Z","timestamp":1724053041000},"page":"873","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Integrating Spectral Sensing and Systems Biology for Precision Viticulture: Effects of Shade Nets on Grapevine Leaves"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7017-9323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renan","family":"Tosin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, S\/N, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Campus of the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, S\/N, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Portis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, S\/N, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Campus of the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, S\/N, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4507-2481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, S\/N, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Campus of the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, S\/N, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o para o Desenvolvimento da Viticultura Duriense, Edif\u00edcio Centro de Excel\u00eancia da Vinha e do Vinho Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia de Vila Real, R\u00e9gia Douro Park, 5000-033 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o para o Desenvolvimento da Viticultura Duriense, Edif\u00edcio Centro de Excel\u00eancia da Vinha e do Vinho Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia de Vila Real, R\u00e9gia Douro Park, 5000-033 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2631-2112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenUPorto\u2014Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre and Inov4Agro, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5212-6172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael J.","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iB2Lab, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8486-6113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Campus of the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, S\/N, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4129-6381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iB2Lab, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9058-3147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Campus of the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, S\/N, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8299-324X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, S\/N, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Campus of the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, S\/N, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1071\/FP15168","article-title":"Relationships between biomass allocation, axis organogenesis and organ expansion under shading and water deficit conditions in grapevine","volume":"42","author":"Pallas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogiers, S.Y., Greer, D.H., Liu, Y., Baby, T., and Xiao, Z. (2022). Impact of climate change on grape berry ripening: An assessment of adaptation strategies for the Australian vineyard. Front. Plant Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.1094633"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Cunha, M., Martins, R., and Neves dos Santos, F. (2022). Sustainable agriculture in the Era of field-omics. Let\u2019s improve AgronOmics. INESC TEC Sci. Soc., 1, Available online: https:\/\/science-society.inesctec.pt\/index.php\/inesctecesociedade\/article\/view\/93."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.2006.57.3.249","article-title":"Phenolics and Ripening in Grape Berries","volume":"57","author":"Adams","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18711","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140918711","article-title":"Berry phenolics of grapevine under challenging environments","volume":"14","author":"Teixeira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.2002.53.3.171","article-title":"Separation of Sunlight and Temperature Effects on the Composition of Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot Berries","volume":"53","author":"Spayd","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2011.03.003","article-title":"Pinot Noir grape colour related phenolics as affected by leaf removal treatments in the Vipava Valley","volume":"24","author":"Trost","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2013.07.004","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) leaf changes induced by transition to autotrophy and exposure to high light irradiance","volume":"91","author":"Olivares","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, R.Z., Cheng, G., Li, Q., He, Y.N., Wang, Y., Lan, Y.B., Li, S.Y., Zhu, Y.R., Song, W.F., and Zhang, X. (2017). Light-induced Variation in Phenolic Compounds in Cabernet Sauvignon Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) Involves Extensive Transcriptome Reprogramming of Biosynthetic Enzymes, Transcription Factors, and Phytohormonal Regulators. Front. Plant Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.00547"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayenew, B., Degu, A., Manela, N., Perl, A., Shamir, M.O., and Fait, A. (2015). Metabolite profiling and transcript analysis reveal specificities in the response of a berry derived cell culture to abiotic stresses. Front. Plant Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2015.00728"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reshef, N., Walbaum, N., Agam, N., and Fait, A. (2017). Sunlight Modulates Fruit Metabolic Profile and Shapes the Spatial Pattern of Compound Accumulation within the Grape Cluster. Front. Plant Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.00070"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"du Plessis, K., Young, P.R., Eyeghe-Bickong, H.A., and Vivier, M.A. (2017). The Transcriptional Responses and Metabolic Consequences of Acclimation to Elevated Light Exposure in Grapevine Berries. Front. Plant Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.01261"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20098","DOI":"10.1002\/tpg2.20098","article-title":"Systems biology for crop improvement","volume":"14","author":"Pazhamala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Genome"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.106.042267","article-title":"A brief history of systems biology. Every object that biology studies is a system of systems. Francois Jacob (1974)","volume":"18","author":"Trewavas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-2743.1989.tb00755.x","article-title":"WOFOST: A simulation model of crop production","volume":"5","author":"Wolf","year":"1989","journal-title":"Soil. Use Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2015.0106","article-title":"Systems Biology for Smart Crops and Agricultural Innovation: Filling the Gaps between Genotype and Phenotype for Complex Traits Linked with Robust Agricultural Productivity and Sustainability","volume":"19","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"OMICS"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1051\/agro:19980501","article-title":"STICS: A generic model for the simulation of crops and their water and nitrogen balances. I. Theory and parameterization applied to wheat and corn","volume":"18","author":"Brisson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Agronomie"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo Presti, D., Di Tocco, J., Massaroni, C., Cimini, S., De Gara, L., Singh, S., Raucci, A., Manganiello, G., Woo, S.L., and Schena, E. (2023). Current understanding, challenges and perspective on portable systems applied to plant monitoring and precision agriculture. Biosens. Bioelectron., 222.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.115005"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Donizelli, M., Rodriguez, N., Dharuri, H., Endler, L., Chelliah, V., Li, L., He, E., Henry, A., and Stefan, M.I. (2010). BioModels Database: An enhanced, curated and annotated resource for published quantitative kinetic models. BMC Syst. Biol., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-0509-4-92"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1614","article-title":"What is flux balance analysis?","volume":"28","author":"Orth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.13075","article-title":"A genome-scale metabolic network reconstruction of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and its application to photorespiratory metabolism","volume":"85","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.110.166488","article-title":"C4GEM, a genome-scale metabolic model to study C4 plant metabolism","volume":"154","author":"Quek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.109.148817","article-title":"AraGEM, a genome-scale reconstruction of the primary metabolic network in Arabidopsis","volume":"152","author":"Quek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiab548","article-title":"A multi-organ metabolic model of tomato predicts plant responses to nutritional and genetic perturbations","volume":"188","author":"Gerlin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coisb.2019.03.005","article-title":"A new era in plant functional genomics","volume":"15","author":"Rai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tosin, R., Monteiro-Silva, F., Martins, R., and Cunha, M. (2024). A New Approach for Element Characterization of Grapevine Tissue with Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. Horticulturae, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae10010082"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Agostino, N., and Tripodi, P. (2017). NGS-Based Genotyping, High-Throughput Phenotyping and Genome-Wide Association Studies Laid the Foundations for Next-Generation Breeding in Horticultural Crops. Diversity, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/d9030038"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2020.109860","article-title":"Assessing predawn leaf water potential based on hyperspectral data and pigment\u2019s concentration of Vitis vinifera L. in the Douro Wine Region","volume":"278","author":"Tosin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2023.113879","article-title":"Retrieval of leaf-level fluorescence quantum efficiency and NPQ-related xanthophyll absorption through spectral unmixing strategies for future VIS-NIR imaging spectroscopy","volume":"300","author":"Amin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7997","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7997","article-title":"Comparison of prediction power of three multivariate calibrations for estimation of leaf anthocyanin content with visible spectroscopy in Prunus cerasifera","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falcioni, R., Goncalves, J.V.F., de Oliveira, K.M., de Oliveira, C.A., Reis, A.S., Crusiol, L.G.T., Furlanetto, R.H., Antunes, W.C., Cezar, E., and de Oliveira, R.B. (2023). Chemometric Analysis for the Prediction of Biochemical Compounds in Leaves Using UV-VIS-NIR-SWIR Hyperspectroscopy. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12193424"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6079","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-018-1233-1","article-title":"Emerging technologies for optical spectral detection of reactive oxygen species","volume":"410","author":"Herman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2013.03.017","article-title":"Comparing methods for metabolic network analysis and an application to metabolic engineering","volume":"521","author":"Tomar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-018-0098-2","article-title":"Creation and analysis of biochemical constraint-based models using the COBRA Toolbox v.3.0","volume":"14","author":"Heirendt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2015.10.008","article-title":"Pollen-based predictive modelling of wine production: Application to an arid region","volume":"73","author":"Cunha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-016-1719-9","article-title":"The impact of climate change on the winegrape vineyards of the Portuguese Douro region","volume":"138","author":"Cunha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, R.C., Magalh\u00e3es, S., Jorge, P., Barroso, T., and Santos, F. (2019, January 3\u20136). Metbots: Metabolomics Robots for Precision Viticulture. Proceedings of the Progress in Artificial Intelligence, Vila Real, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30241-2_14"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1126\/science.148.3668.339","article-title":"Sap Pressure in Vascular Plants: Negative hydrostatic pressure can be measured in plants","volume":"148","author":"Scholander","year":"1965","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00010-X","article-title":"Relationships between leaf pigment content and spectral reflectance across a wide range of species, leaf structures and developmental stages","volume":"81","author":"Sims","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-006-9011-5","article-title":"Effect of nickel on ROS content and antioxidative enzyme activitiesin wheat leaves","volume":"20","author":"Gajewska","year":"2007","journal-title":"BioMetals"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa-Santos, M., Mariz-Ponte, N., Dias, M.C., Moura, L., Marques, G., and Santos, C. (2021). Effect of Bacillus spp. and Brevibacillus sp. on the Photosynthesis and Redox Status of Solanum lycopersicum. Horticulturae, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae7020024"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2022.106710","article-title":"Unscrambling spectral interference and matrix effects in Vitis vinifera Vis-NIR spectroscopy: Towards analytical grade \u2018in vivo\u2019 sugars and acids quantification","volume":"194","author":"Martins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Martins, R. (2018). Big Data Self-Learning Methodology for the Accurate Quantification and Classification of Spectral Information under Complex Variability and Multi-Scale Interference. (2018060967), WO Patent, Available online: https:\/\/patentscope.wipo.int\/search\/en\/detail.jsf?docId=WO2018060967."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2022.05.007","article-title":"Canopy VIS-NIR spectroscopy and self-learning artificial intelligence for a generalised model of predawn leaf water potential in Vitis vinifera","volume":"219","author":"Tosin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2023.10.011","article-title":"Precision maturation assessment of grape tissues: Hyperspectral bi-directional reconstruction using tomography-like based on multi-block hierarchical principal component analysis","volume":"236","author":"Tosin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.14105","article-title":"Stoichiometric analysis of the energetics and metabolic impact of photorespiration in C3 plants","volume":"96","author":"Huma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams Iii, W.W., and Terashima, I. (2018). Photosynthetic Modulation in Response to Plant Activity and Environment. The Leaf: A Platform for Performing Photosynthesis, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-93594-2_18"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Papageorgiou, G.C. (2004). Light Adaptation and Senescence of the Photosynthetic Apparatus. Changes in Pigment Composition, Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters and Photosynthetic Activity. Chlorophyll a Fluorescence: A Signature of Photosynthesis, Springer."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palliotti, A., and Poni, S. (2015). Grapevine under light and heat stresses. Grapevine in a Changing Environment, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.. Chapter 7.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118735985.ch7"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2022.111251","article-title":"Analysis of photosynthetic ability and related physiological traits in nodal leaves of grape","volume":"304","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savoi, S., Wong, D.C., Arapitsas, P., Miculan, M., Bucchetti, B., Peterlunger, E., Fait, A., Mattivi, F., and Castellarin, S.D. (2016). Transcriptome and metabolite profiling reveals that prolonged drought modulates the phenylpropanoid and terpenoid pathway in white grapes (Vitis vinifera L.). BMC Plant Biol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-016-0760-1"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2018.07.036","article-title":"Physiological, micro-morphological and metabolomic analysis of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) leaf of plants under water stress","volume":"130","author":"Ju","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-013-9392-y","article-title":"Mechanism and Significance of Chlorophyll Breakdown","volume":"33","author":"Christ","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2022.153669","article-title":"Effects of reduced chlorophyll content on photosystem functions and photosynthetic electron transport rate in rice leaves","volume":"272","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Y.Y., Li, R.X., Jiang, Q.S., Bai, R., and Duan, D. (2019). Changes in the chlorophyll content of grape leaves could provide a physiological index for responses and adaptation to UV-C radiation. Nord. J. Bot., 37.","DOI":"10.1111\/njb.02314"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho, L.C., Vidigal, P., and Am\u00e2ncio, S. (2015). Oxidative stress homeostasis in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Front. Environ. Sci., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2015.00020"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"del R\u00edo, L.A. (2013). Role of Peroxisomes as a Source of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Signaling Molecules. Peroxisomes and Their Key Role in Cellular Signaling and Metabolism, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6889-5"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iqbal, Z., Iqbal, M.S., Hashem, A., Abd Allah, E.F., and Ansari, M.I. (2021). Plant Defense Responses to Biotic Stress and Its Interplay With Fluctuating Dark\/Light Conditions. Front. Plant Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.631810"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Wyngaard, E., Blancquaert, E., Nieuwoudt, H., and Aleixandre-Tudo, J.L. (2021). Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometric Applications for the Qualitative and Quantitative Investigation of Grapevine Organs. Front. Plant Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.723247"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Carmo de Carvalho e Martins, M.d., da Silva Santos Oliveira, A.S., da Silva, L.A.A., Primo, M.G.S., and de Carvalho Lira, V.B. (2022). Biological Indicators of Oxidative Stress [Malondialdehyde, Catalase, Glutathione Peroxidase, and Superoxide Dismutase] and Their Application in Nutrition. Biomarkers in Nutrition, Springer."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2018.10.017","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and heavy metal stress in plants: Impact on the cell wall and secondary metabolism","volume":"161","author":"Berni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2014.6018","article-title":"Metabolic Control of Redox and Redox Control of Metabolism in Plants","volume":"21","author":"Geigenberger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.110.161612","article-title":"Mitochondrial Malate Dehydrogenase Lowers Leaf Respiration and Alters Photorespiration and Plant Growth in Arabidopsis","volume":"154","author":"Tomaz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zakhartsev, M., Medvedeva, I., Orlov, Y., Akberdin, I., Krebs, O., and Schulze, W.X. (2016). Metabolic model of central carbon and energy metabolisms of growing Arabidopsis thaliana in relation to sucrose translocation. BMC Plant Biol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-016-0868-3"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burbidge, C.A., Ford, C.M., Melino, V.J., Wong, D.C.J., Jia, Y., Jenkins, C.L.D., Soole, K.L., Castellarin, S.D., Darriet, P., and Rienth, M. (2021). Biosynthesis and Cellular Functions of Tartaric Acid in Grapevines. Front. Plant Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.643024"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s11120-006-9099-z","article-title":"Thioredoxin-dependent regulation of photosynthetic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: Autonomous vs. CP12-dependent mechanisms","volume":"89","author":"Trost","year":"2006","journal-title":"Photosynth. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcq030","article-title":"Grapevine under deficit irrigation: Hints from physiological and molecular data","volume":"105","author":"Chaves","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00e9lez, S., Barajas, E., Rubio, J.A., Pereira-Obaya, D., and Rodr\u00edguez-P\u00e9rez, J.R. (2024). Field-Deployed Spectroscopy from 350 to 2500 nm: A Promising Technique for Early Identification of Powdery Mildew Disease (Erysiphe necator) in Vineyards. Agronomy, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14030634"}],"container-title":["Horticulturae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2311-7524\/10\/8\/873\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:38:35Z","timestamp":1760110715000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2311-7524\/10\/8\/873"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,18]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["horticulturae10080873"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/horticulturae10080873","relation":{},"ISSN":["2311-7524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2311-7524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,18]]}}}