{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T18:17:45Z","timestamp":1775585865184,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":245,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["PTDC\/EEI-ROB\/2459\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EEI-ROB\/2459\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["PRR\u2013ID140\u2013PRR-C05-i03-I-000030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRR\u2013ID140\u2013PRR-C05-i03-I-000030"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["PRR\u2013ID150\u2013PRR-C05-i03-I-000032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRR\u2013ID150\u2013PRR-C05-i03-I-000032"]}]},{"name":"Carbo2Soil project","award":["PTDC\/EEI-ROB\/2459\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EEI-ROB\/2459\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Carbo2Soil project","award":["PRR\u2013ID140\u2013PRR-C05-i03-I-000030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRR\u2013ID140\u2013PRR-C05-i03-I-000030"]}]},{"name":"Carbo2Soil project","award":["PRR\u2013ID150\u2013PRR-C05-i03-I-000032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRR\u2013ID150\u2013PRR-C05-i03-I-000032"]}]},{"name":"SoloC+ project","award":["PTDC\/EEI-ROB\/2459\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EEI-ROB\/2459\/2021"]}]},{"name":"SoloC+ project","award":["PRR\u2013ID140\u2013PRR-C05-i03-I-000030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRR\u2013ID140\u2013PRR-C05-i03-I-000030"]}]},{"name":"SoloC+ project","award":["PRR\u2013ID150\u2013PRR-C05-i03-I-000032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRR\u2013ID150\u2013PRR-C05-i03-I-000032"]}]},{"name":"the institutional scientific employment program-contract CEECINST\/00077\/2021 of Carla Ferreira","award":["PTDC\/EEI-ROB\/2459\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EEI-ROB\/2459\/2021"]}]},{"name":"the institutional scientific employment program-contract CEECINST\/00077\/2021 of Carla Ferreira","award":["PRR\u2013ID140\u2013PRR-C05-i03-I-000030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRR\u2013ID140\u2013PRR-C05-i03-I-000030"]}]},{"name":"the institutional scientific employment program-contract CEECINST\/00077\/2021 of Carla Ferreira","award":["PRR\u2013ID150\u2013PRR-C05-i03-I-000032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRR\u2013ID150\u2013PRR-C05-i03-I-000032"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Horticulturae"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Water is crucial for enduring horticultural productivity, but high water-use requirements and declining water supplies with the changing climate challenge economic viability, environmental sustainability, and social justice. While the scholarly literature pertaining to water management in horticulture abounds, knowledge of practices and technologies that optimize water use is scarce. Here, we review the scientific literature relating to water requirements for horticulture crops, impacts on water resources, and opportunities for improving water- and transpiration-use efficiency. We find that water requirements of horticultural crops vary widely, depending on crop type, development stage, and agroecological region, but investigations hitherto have primarily been superficial. Expansion of the horticulture sector has depleted and polluted water resources via overextraction and agrochemical contamination, but the extent and significance of such issues are not well quantified. We contend that innovative management practices and irrigation technologies can improve tactical water management and mitigate environmental impacts. Nature-based solutions in horticulture\u2014mulching, organic amendments, hydrogels, and the like\u2014alleviate irrigation needs, but information relating to their effectiveness across production systems and agroecological regions is limited. Novel and recycled water sources (e.g., treated wastewater, desalination) would seem promising avenues for reducing dependence on natural water resources, but such sources have detrimental environmental and human health trade-offs if not well managed. Irrigation practices including partial root-zone drying and regulated deficit irrigation evoke remarkable improvements in water use efficiency, but require significant experience for efficient implementation. More advanced applications, including IoT and AI (e.g., sensors, big data, data analytics, digital twins), have demonstrable potential in supporting smart irrigation (focused on scheduling) and precision irrigation (improving spatial distribution). While adoption of technologies and practices that improve sustainability is increasing, their application within the horticultural industry as a whole remains in its infancy. Further research, development, and extension is called for to enable successful adaptation to climate change, sustainably intensify food security, and align with other Sustainable Development Goals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae10090951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T09:20:29Z","timestamp":1725614429000},"page":"951","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Sustainable Water Management in Horticulture: Problems, Premises, and Promises"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3709-4103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla S. S.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Applied Research Institute, Rua da Miseric\u00f3rdia, Lagar dos Corti\u00e7os\u2014S. Martinho do Bispo, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Centre for Natural Resources Environment and Society (CERNAS), Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5369-4665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro R.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Natural Resources Environment and Society (CERNAS), Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Soil Physics and Land Management Group (SLM), Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1174-4959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Guilherme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Natural Resources Environment and Society (CERNAS), Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Comiss\u00e3o de Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento Regional do Centro, Polo de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o de Coimbra, Quinta de N. Senhora do Loreto, 3020-201 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7866-5534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuliano","family":"Vitali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agri-Food Science and Technology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6453-1535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Boulet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Natural Resources Environment and Society (CERNAS), Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7425-452X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew Tom","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Newnham Drive, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6083-1517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid","family":"Malamiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Yazd University, Yazd 89158-18411, Iran"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio C.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center for Natural Resources, Environment and Society (CERNAS), Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7978-0040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra","family":"Kalantari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, Sustainability Assessment and Management, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5686-9192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio J. D.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Natural Resources Environment and Society (CERNAS), Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-822849-4.00004-8","article-title":"Current approaches in horticultural crops to mitigate the effect of drought stress","volume":"13","author":"Kaldate","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stress Toler. Hortic. Crop."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52512-3.00240-0","article-title":"Climate Change: Horticulture","volume":"2","author":"Webb","year":"2014","journal-title":"Encycl. Agric. Food Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Staritz, C., and Reis, J.G. (2024, March 18). Global Value Chains, Economic Upgrading, and Gender. 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