{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T06:59:23Z","timestamp":1764053963492,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/AGR\/00690\/2020","LA\/P\/0007\/2020","UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/AGR\/00690\/2020","LA\/P\/0007\/2020","UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CIMO","award":["UIDB\/AGR\/00690\/2020","LA\/P\/0007\/2020","UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/AGR\/00690\/2020","LA\/P\/0007\/2020","UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"SusTEC","award":["UIDB\/AGR\/00690\/2020","LA\/P\/0007\/2020","UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/AGR\/00690\/2020","LA\/P\/0007\/2020","UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CITAB","award":["UIDB\/AGR\/00690\/2020","LA\/P\/0007\/2020","UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/AGR\/00690\/2020","LA\/P\/0007\/2020","UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Horticulturae"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biological nitrogen (N) fixation has been advocated in agricultural fields due to being considered a more sustainable way to introduce N into agrosystems than industrial N fertilizers. In this study, a foliar spray inoculant containing the microorganism Methylobacterium symbioticum was applied. This microorganism is known for fixing N in the phyllosphere, regardless of the cultivated species. This study was conducted in three rainfed olive orchards over three years. In two orchards managed according to European Union (EU) integrated production rules, the experiment was organized as a factorial design with inoculant (applied at two levels, yes and no) and N fertilization (applied to the soil at three levels, 0, 40, and 80 kg ha\u22121 of N). The third trial, managed according to EU organic farming rules, was organized in a completely randomized design with three treatments: with (yes) and without (no) inoculant and with a treatment involving a seaweed extract, also for foliar application. The microbiological inoculant did not consistently influence olive yield or N concentration in leaves across the three trials. Conversely, N application to the soil significantly influenced N concentration in leaves and olive yield. In one of the trials, in the third year of the study, soil N application (80 kg ha\u22121) resulted in an olive yield of ~eight times higher than the unfertilized control treatment. The seaweed extract also did not lead to significant differences in leaf mineral composition or olive yield compared with the other treatments. These findings from the on-farm research highlight the importance of accurately determining the conditions under which commercial products can deliver effective results. It is crucial to acknowledge that these products involve expenses not only in their acquisition but also in their application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae11010080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T09:49:17Z","timestamp":1736761757000},"page":"80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Spray Foliar Containing Methylobacterium symbioticum Did Not Increase Nitrogen Concentration in Leaves or Olive Yield Across Three Rainfed Olive Orchards"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5367-1129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel \u00c2ngelo","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Il\u00eddio","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comiss\u00e3o de Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento Regional do Norte, I.P.\u2014Polo de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o de Mirandela (Quinta do Valongo), Carvalhais, 5370-087 Mirandela, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7519-4001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2370-6084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2482-7873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Manuel","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4652-485X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Arrobas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Rengel, Z., Cakmak, I., and White, P.J. 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